exam 3

Question 1

what are skeletal systems?

Answer 1

mostly what animals use for a rigid support structure to attach muscles to and move

Question 2

what is cartilage?

Answer 2

adds flexibility to skeleton

Question 3

how many bones does a human have?

Answer 3

over 200

Question 4

what organisms have hydrostatic skeletons?

Answer 4

soft bodied invertebrates

Question 5

what organisms have exoskeletons?

Answer 5

arthropods and insects

Question 6

what organisms have endoskeletons?

Answer 6

humans and dogs

Question 7

what is a hydrostatic skeleton?

Answer 7

a volume of fluid enclosed inside a body cavity surrounded by muscle

Question 8

what structure helps organisms with hydrostatic skeletons anchor to the ground to prevent backward sliding?

Answer 8

setae (bristles)

Question 9

what kind of skeletal system does a grasshopper have?

Answer 9

exoskeletal

Question 10

what is an exoskeleton?

Answer 10

a rigid structure on the outer surface for muscle attachment

Question 11

how do organisms with exoskeletons move?

Answer 11

muscle contractions

Question 12

what is a cuticle in exoskeletons?

Answer 12

a type of exoskeleton that covers the outer surface of the arthropod

Question 13

what is the exoskeleton made of?

Answer 13

chiton- nitrogen containing a polysaccharide

Question 14

what is an endoskeleton?

Answer 14

an internal skeleton covered by other soft body tissues

Question 15

what is the endoskeleton for in vertebrates?

Answer 15

internal scaffolding for muscles to attach to and pull against

Question 16

how are bones connected to one another?

Answer 16

joints

Question 17

what are types of connective tissues?

Answer 17

cartilage and bone

Question 18

what are cartilage cells made of?

Answer 18

a matrix of tough and rubbery mix of polysaccharides and collagen proteins

Question 19

what does cartilage allow for?

Answer 19

flexibility

Question 20

where is cartilage often located?

Answer 20

where stiffness and resilience are needed (ie: joints) and stiff and flexible structures (ie: nose and voice box)

Question 21

what makes bone harder than cartilage?

Answer 21

calcium phosphate

Question 22

what are the 3 living cells of bone?

Answer 22

osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

Question 23

osteoblasts

Answer 23

build new matrix material on bone surfaces

Question 24

osteocytes

Answer 24

former osteoblasts that are now located in inside cavities of bone

Question 25

osteoclasts

Answer 25

break down old bone that release calcium from bone into extracellular fluid

Question 26

what are osteoclasts derived from?

Answer 26

the same cell lineage as white blood cells

Question 27

what are the 2 types of bone?

Answer 27

membranous bone and cartilage bone

Question 28

what is membranous bone?

Answer 28

forms on a scaffold of connective tissue membrane

Question 29

what is cartilage bone?

Answer 29

first forms as cartilage-structure that looks like the future mature bone, then slowly ossifies/hardens into bone

Question 30

chondroblasts

Answer 30

make cartilage and become chondrocytes

Question 31

what makes collagen?

Answer 31

fibroblasts

Question 32

how do bones grow?

Answer 32

the ossification process- start as cartilage, then ossification happens in the center of the long bones first, then outwards at the ends

Question 33

what are epiphyseal plates?

Answer 33

places where cartilage that forms between ossification centers

Question 34

what happens when long bones are under significant stress?

Answer 34

the force can bend the bone