Exam Flashcards
1
Q
3 kinds of error
A
Sampling error
Measurement error
Standard error
2
Q
What do the 95% confidence intervals tell us?
A
95% confident
Mean in population for each condition will fall within values
3
Q
What is the non-parametric, between participants ANOVA called?
A
Kruskall Wallis
4
Q
What is the non-parametric, within participants ANOVA called?
A
Friedman’s
5
Q
Non parametric test for:
2 conditions
Between participants
A
Mann-Whitney
6
Q
Non parametric test for:
Within participants
A
Wilcoxon
7
Q
What is standard deviation?
A
Standardised measure of deviation between data points and the mean
8
Q
Why is standard deviation useful?
A
Tells us about the spread of data in our sample
9
Q
What is standard error?
A
Amount of deviation between population and sample
10
Q
Standard deviation tells us about our ______, whereas standard error tells us about
A
Sample
Population
11
Q
What is variance?
A
Spread of data around the mean
12
Q
What is a confidence interval?
A
Range of plausible values for the mean
13
Q
A confidence interval with a 95% confidence level has a…
A
95% chance of capturing the population mean
14
Q
3 types of hypothesis
A
Null
Alternate
Directional
15
Q
An uncertain CI would be quite ________ whereas a more precise CI would be…..
A
Large
Smaller
16
Q
What are the assumptions for a between participant ANOVA?
A
1) Continuous DV
2) At least 1 factor with 2 or more levels
3) No significant outliers
4) Normal distribution
5) Homogeneity of variances
17
Q
What test do we use to test for homogeneity of variances?
A
Levene’s
18
Q
Levene’s Test is what we use to test for…
A
Homogeneity of variances
19
Q
We test for Levene’s homogeneity of variances in a between/within participants ANOVA
A
Between
20
Q
Levene’s test is likeable to…
A
Mauchly’s sphericity test
21
Q
ANOVA is generally robust to _____, provided the
A
Outliers
Sample sizes are equal
22
Q
Within participants design
A
Repeated measures - same participants
23
Q
Mauchly’s test of Sphericity
A P value of 0.01 would indicate…
A
Assumption of sphericity has been violated
24
Q
Mauchly’s test of Sphericity
A P value of 0.15 would indicate…
A
Sphericity of variances
25
Why do we use the Bonferroni correction?
Eliminate the chance of making a Type 1 error
26
How is the grand mean worked out?
Working out the mean of each group mean
27
How is the F statistic calculated for a one-way ANOVA?
Between groups variance/within groups variance
28
Between groups VARIANCE is...
The difference between groups
29
Within groups VARIANCE is...
The difference within the groups, between each participants scores
30
What is one difference in assumptions between the one way ANOVA and the one way related ANOVA?
Levenes vs Mauchly's
31
If the results of Mauchly's test are significant and sphericity is violated, which section of SPSS should be reported?
Greenhouse-Geisser
32
When reporting main effects, which statistic do we mention?
Marginal means
33
What do you begin an ANOVA output with?
A ... ANOVA was conducted with 1 factor of... and a second factor of...
34
What is a two way ANOVA?
An ANOVA with 2 or more factors
35
Partial eta squared provides a measure of...
How much of the total variance is accounted for by the treatment effect
36
How much of the total variance is accounted for by the treatment effect
^ What is this description referring to?
Partial eta squared
37
If error is larger than the effect, it is likely that...
The outcome will not be significant
38
A P value higher than 0.5 indicates a high probability that the effect
Observed is due to chance
39
Why 0.5 cutoff for significance?
Strikes a balance between making a Type 1 and a Type 2 error
40
Why do we run post-hoc tests?
Tells us WHERE the differences lie between levels
41
A two way mixed (split plot) ANOVA has one...
Within subjects variable
One between subjects variable
42
This type of ANOVA compares mean differences between groups split into two variables - within subjects variable and between subjects variable
Split plot (mixed) ANOVA
43
In a split plot ANOVA experiment
The effect of one of the two factors on the dependent variable to be...
Dependent on the value of the other (usually within) factors variable
44
Do blood cholesterol levels change over time naturally?
Or, if one embarks on an exercise training programme of either low, moderate or high intensity?
Which type of ANOVA needs to be run...
Two way mixed ANOVA
45
Profile plots
If the lines are not parallel or have different patterns...
May have an interaction effect
46
A profile plot is based on ...... data rather than .......
Sample
| Population
47
Why can't we determine an interaction effect from profile plots?
Based on sample data
| We're interested in the POPULATION
48
In a two way ANOVA, we are interested in seeing how...
One factor is MODERATED by the other
49
A researcher was interested in determining whether effect of level of education on political interest was affected by gender.
What type of ANOVA is this?
Two way independent ANOVA
50
What is a null hypothesis?
The idea that there is no effect between the variables
51
If Mauchly's test is above 0.5...
The assumption of sphericity has not been violated
52
The ANOVA is generally robust to violations of assumptions, as long as...
Group sizes are equal
53
ANOVA
If the group sizes are unequal/there is no homogeneity of variances, which statistic will be affected?
The F statistic
54
A P value of less than 0.5 in Levene's test indicates...
A violation of the assumption
55
Why do we test at the 0.5 level?
It strikes a balance between making a Type 1 and a Type 2 error
56
What points would a full ANOVA write up include? (6)
1) Type of ANOVA
2) Main effects
3) Interaction
4) Bonferroni post-hoc tests
5) Interpret effect size
6) Summary statement
57
What 2 things might you look at to see if distribution of data is normal?
Histogram
| Shapiro-Wilk
58
Profile plots indicate...
Whether there is an interaction in the SAMPLE
59
Profile plots indicate whether there is an interaction in the ________, not the __________
Sample
Population
60
A __________ with a 95% level has a 95% chance of capturing the population mean
Confidence interval
61
As year group increases, so will anxiety scores.
^What kind of hypothesis is this?^
Directional hypothesis
62
The less confidence interval bars overlap, the more likely...
We are to find an effect in the population
63
Non overlapping confidence interval bars between groups indicate there may be...
A significant difference
64
If you were to generate an error bar graph, which would would you use to assess where the mean is likely to fall in the population?
95% confidence interval error bar graph
65
Error bars for year 3 do not overlap with years 1 and 2, suggesting that there...
Will be a DIFFERENCE
| Between year 3 and years 1 & 2
66
In what order would you report the difference between levels from a T-test?
M, SD, T, df, P
67
What values do you look at from the T Test?
M, SD, T, df, sig (p)
68
M, SD, T, df and P are all values you look at from the ....
T-test
69
In which ANOVA do you report the confidence intervals?
One way
70
Which values do you look at on an ANOVA table?
df, F, sig
71
A ONE WAY ANOVA showed that there was a ....
Significant/non significant difference between the levels
72
A one way between participants ANOVA showed that there was a significant difference in the levels of statistics anxiety for the 3 year groups. What values would you report?
F (df) P
73
In what order do you report P, F, df in an ANOVA writeup
F (df) P
74
P value .334
The contrast between (IV 1) and (IV 2) was...
Not significant
75
In a non-parametric ANOVA, do you report the mean or the median?
Median
76
In a non-parametric ANOVA, which measure of central tendency is reported?
Median
77
Mean, median, range etc are all measures of
Central tendency
78
Which 2 values are reported in place of T and F, in a non parametric ANOVA?
X2
| Z
79
What central tendency value do we report for the MAIN EFFECT of a factor?
Marginal mean
80
Which (4) values do we report for the MAIN EFFECT of a factor?
F, df, p, marginal mean
81
In what order (sentence order) would you report F, df, P and the marginal mean?
1) F, df, P (significant main effect)
| 2) Marginal mean (evidence of higher score)
82
There was a significant main effect of level of depression on depression scores (np2 = 0.88). This shows that
88% of the variance in depression scores can be attributed to the level of depression
83
Which ANOVA do we report NP2
Split plot
84
What does NP2 indicate
The amount of variance in data that can be attributed to that level
85
We need to run post-hoc tests to examine main effects. True or false?
False
86
If Mauchly's in non significant, indicating that there is sphericity, report...
The Sphericity assumed line
87
If Mauchly's is significant, indicating there is NOT sphericity, report...
Greenhouse-Geisser
88
For a mixed ANOVA, why do we split the data in SPSS?
Because it uses both within and between subjects data
89
How is the F ratio calculated?
Effect/Error
90
F value tells you if you have...
More effect than error
91
How is confidence interval worked out using SD and SE?
M +/- (2SD x SE)
92
How do you work out the T value?
Effect/SE
93
What is effect?
Mean difference
94
Do you report marginal means for a 1 way ANOVA?
No
95
Write up for a One-Way ANOVA
1) 1 way ANOVA showed a significant difference in (DV) for the IVs
2) Bonferroni corrected post hoc tests
3) We can say with 95% certainty...
96
Write up for a Two Way ANOVA
1) Main effects
2) Interaction
3) Bonferroni corrected post hoc tests
4) These results suggest...(no stats)
97
Within groups variance will capture...
a) individual differences
| b) sampling error
98
F value less than 1 indicates
More error than effect
99
A P value of 0.01 you would report as...
P = 0.01
100
What hypothesis does the ANOVA test?
The null hypothesis that there is no differences between groups
101
What does an ANOVA NOT tell us?
WHERE the differences lie
| This is why we conduct T test
102
Are post-hoc tests required if the omnibus ANOVA is not significant?
No
103
You would use a Bonferroni correction if...(2)
Imperative to avoid a Type 1 error
| Large number of tests are being carried out
