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Statistics > Exam > Flashcards

Exam Flashcards

1
Q

3 kinds of error

A

Sampling error
Measurement error
Standard error

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2
Q

What do the 95% confidence intervals tell us?

A

95% confident

Mean in population for each condition will fall within values

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3
Q

What is the non-parametric, between participants ANOVA called?

A

Kruskall Wallis

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4
Q

What is the non-parametric, within participants ANOVA called?

A

Friedman’s

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5
Q

Non parametric test for:
2 conditions
Between participants

A

Mann-Whitney

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6
Q

Non parametric test for:

Within participants

A

Wilcoxon

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7
Q

What is standard deviation?

A

Standardised measure of deviation between data points and the mean

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8
Q

Why is standard deviation useful?

A

Tells us about the spread of data in our sample

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9
Q

What is standard error?

A

Amount of deviation between population and sample

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10
Q

Standard deviation tells us about our ______, whereas standard error tells us about

A

Sample

Population

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11
Q

What is variance?

A

Spread of data around the mean

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12
Q

What is a confidence interval?

A

Range of plausible values for the mean

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13
Q

A confidence interval with a 95% confidence level has a…

A

95% chance of capturing the population mean

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14
Q

3 types of hypothesis

A

Null
Alternate
Directional

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15
Q

An uncertain CI would be quite ________ whereas a more precise CI would be…..

A

Large

Smaller

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16
Q

What are the assumptions for a between participant ANOVA?

A

1) Continuous DV
2) At least 1 factor with 2 or more levels
3) No significant outliers
4) Normal distribution
5) Homogeneity of variances

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17
Q

What test do we use to test for homogeneity of variances?

A

Levene’s

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18
Q

Levene’s Test is what we use to test for…

A

Homogeneity of variances

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19
Q

We test for Levene’s homogeneity of variances in a between/within participants ANOVA

A

Between

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20
Q

Levene’s test is likeable to…

A

Mauchly’s sphericity test

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21
Q

ANOVA is generally robust to _____, provided the

A

Outliers

Sample sizes are equal

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22
Q

Within participants design

A

Repeated measures - same participants

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23
Q

Mauchly’s test of Sphericity

A P value of 0.01 would indicate…

A

Assumption of sphericity has been violated

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24
Q

Mauchly’s test of Sphericity

A P value of 0.15 would indicate…

A

Sphericity of variances

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25
Q

Why do we use the Bonferroni correction?

A

Eliminate the chance of making a Type 1 error

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26
Q

How is the grand mean worked out?

A

Working out the mean of each group mean

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27
Q

How is the F statistic calculated for a one-way ANOVA?

A

Between groups variance/within groups variance

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28
Q

Between groups VARIANCE is…

A

The difference between groups

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29
Q

Within groups VARIANCE is…

A

The difference within the groups, between each participants scores

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30
Q

What is one difference in assumptions between the one way ANOVA and the one way related ANOVA?

A

Levenes vs Mauchly’s

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31
Q

If the results of Mauchly’s test are significant and sphericity is violated, which section of SPSS should be reported?

A

Greenhouse-Geisser

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32
Q

When reporting main effects, which statistic do we mention?

A

Marginal means

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33
Q

What do you begin an ANOVA output with?

A

A … ANOVA was conducted with 1 factor of… and a second factor of…

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34
Q

What is a two way ANOVA?

A

An ANOVA with 2 or more factors

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35
Q

Partial eta squared provides a measure of…

A

How much of the total variance is accounted for by the treatment effect

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36
Q

How much of the total variance is accounted for by the treatment effect

^ What is this description referring to?

A

Partial eta squared

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37
Q

If error is larger than the effect, it is likely that…

A

The outcome will not be significant

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38
Q

A P value higher than 0.5 indicates a high probability that the effect

A

Observed is due to chance

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39
Q

Why 0.5 cutoff for significance?

A

Strikes a balance between making a Type 1 and a Type 2 error

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40
Q

Why do we run post-hoc tests?

A

Tells us WHERE the differences lie between levels

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41
Q

A two way mixed (split plot) ANOVA has one…

A

Within subjects variable

One between subjects variable

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42
Q

This type of ANOVA compares mean differences between groups split into two variables - within subjects variable and between subjects variable

A

Split plot (mixed) ANOVA

43
Q

In a split plot ANOVA experiment

The effect of one of the two factors on the dependent variable to be…

A

Dependent on the value of the other (usually within) factors variable

44
Q

Do blood cholesterol levels change over time naturally?
Or, if one embarks on an exercise training programme of either low, moderate or high intensity?

Which type of ANOVA needs to be run…

A

Two way mixed ANOVA

45
Q

Profile plots

If the lines are not parallel or have different patterns…

A

May have an interaction effect

46
Q

A profile plot is based on …… data rather than …….

A

Sample

Population

47
Q

Why can’t we determine an interaction effect from profile plots?

A

Based on sample data

We’re interested in the POPULATION

48
Q

In a two way ANOVA, we are interested in seeing how…

A

One factor is MODERATED by the other

49
Q

A researcher was interested in determining whether effect of level of education on political interest was affected by gender.

What type of ANOVA is this?

A

Two way independent ANOVA

50
Q

What is a null hypothesis?

A

The idea that there is no effect between the variables

51
Q

If Mauchly’s test is above 0.5…

A

The assumption of sphericity has not been violated

52
Q

The ANOVA is generally robust to violations of assumptions, as long as…

A

Group sizes are equal

53
Q

ANOVA

If the group sizes are unequal/there is no homogeneity of variances, which statistic will be affected?

A

The F statistic

54
Q

A P value of less than 0.5 in Levene’s test indicates…

A

A violation of the assumption

55
Q

Why do we test at the 0.5 level?

A

It strikes a balance between making a Type 1 and a Type 2 error

56
Q

What points would a full ANOVA write up include? (6)

A

1) Type of ANOVA
2) Main effects
3) Interaction
4) Bonferroni post-hoc tests
5) Interpret effect size
6) Summary statement

57
Q

What 2 things might you look at to see if distribution of data is normal?

A

Histogram

Shapiro-Wilk

58
Q

Profile plots indicate…

A

Whether there is an interaction in the SAMPLE

59
Q

Profile plots indicate whether there is an interaction in the ________, not the __________

A

Sample

Population

60
Q

A __________ with a 95% level has a 95% chance of capturing the population mean

A

Confidence interval

61
Q

As year group increases, so will anxiety scores.

^What kind of hypothesis is this?^

A

Directional hypothesis

62
Q

The less confidence interval bars overlap, the more likely…

A

We are to find an effect in the population

63
Q

Non overlapping confidence interval bars between groups indicate there may be…

A

A significant difference

64
Q

If you were to generate an error bar graph, which would would you use to assess where the mean is likely to fall in the population?

A

95% confidence interval error bar graph

65
Q

Error bars for year 3 do not overlap with years 1 and 2, suggesting that there…

A

Will be a DIFFERENCE

Between year 3 and years 1 & 2

66
Q

In what order would you report the difference between levels from a T-test?

A

M, SD, T, df, P

67
Q

What values do you look at from the T Test?

A

M, SD, T, df, sig (p)

68
Q

M, SD, T, df and P are all values you look at from the ….

A

T-test

69
Q

In which ANOVA do you report the confidence intervals?

A

One way

70
Q

Which values do you look at on an ANOVA table?

A

df, F, sig

71
Q

A ONE WAY ANOVA showed that there was a ….

A

Significant/non significant difference between the levels

72
Q

A one way between participants ANOVA showed that there was a significant difference in the levels of statistics anxiety for the 3 year groups. What values would you report?

A

F (df) P

73
Q

In what order do you report P, F, df in an ANOVA writeup

A

F (df) P

74
Q

P value .334

The contrast between (IV 1) and (IV 2) was…

A

Not significant

75
Q

In a non-parametric ANOVA, do you report the mean or the median?

A

Median

76
Q

In a non-parametric ANOVA, which measure of central tendency is reported?

A

Median

77
Q

Mean, median, range etc are all measures of

A

Central tendency

78
Q

Which 2 values are reported in place of T and F, in a non parametric ANOVA?

A

X2

Z

79
Q

What central tendency value do we report for the MAIN EFFECT of a factor?

A

Marginal mean

80
Q

Which (4) values do we report for the MAIN EFFECT of a factor?

A

F, df, p, marginal mean

81
Q

In what order (sentence order) would you report F, df, P and the marginal mean?

A

1) F, df, P (significant main effect)

2) Marginal mean (evidence of higher score)

82
Q

There was a significant main effect of level of depression on depression scores (np2 = 0.88). This shows that

A

88% of the variance in depression scores can be attributed to the level of depression

83
Q

Which ANOVA do we report NP2

A

Split plot

84
Q

What does NP2 indicate

A

The amount of variance in data that can be attributed to that level

85
Q

We need to run post-hoc tests to examine main effects. True or false?

A

False

86
Q

If Mauchly’s in non significant, indicating that there is sphericity, report…

A

The Sphericity assumed line

87
Q

If Mauchly’s is significant, indicating there is NOT sphericity, report…

A

Greenhouse-Geisser

88
Q

For a mixed ANOVA, why do we split the data in SPSS?

A

Because it uses both within and between subjects data

89
Q

How is the F ratio calculated?

A

Effect/Error

90
Q

F value tells you if you have…

A

More effect than error

91
Q

How is confidence interval worked out using SD and SE?

A

M +/- (2SD x SE)

92
Q

How do you work out the T value?

A

Effect/SE

93
Q

What is effect?

A

Mean difference

94
Q

Do you report marginal means for a 1 way ANOVA?

A

No

95
Q

Write up for a One-Way ANOVA

A

1) 1 way ANOVA showed a significant difference in (DV) for the IVs
2) Bonferroni corrected post hoc tests
3) We can say with 95% certainty…

96
Q

Write up for a Two Way ANOVA

A

1) Main effects
2) Interaction
3) Bonferroni corrected post hoc tests
4) These results suggest…(no stats)

97
Q

Within groups variance will capture…

A

a) individual differences

b) sampling error

98
Q

F value less than 1 indicates

A

More error than effect

99
Q

A P value of 0.01 you would report as…

A

P = 0.01

100
Q

What hypothesis does the ANOVA test?

A

The null hypothesis that there is no differences between groups

101
Q

What does an ANOVA NOT tell us?

A

WHERE the differences lie

This is why we conduct T test

102
Q

Are post-hoc tests required if the omnibus ANOVA is not significant?

A

No

103
Q

You would use a Bonferroni correction if…(2)

A

Imperative to avoid a Type 1 error

Large number of tests are being carried out

Statistics (9 decks)

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