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Medical Microbiology > Exam 6 > Flashcards

Exam 6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Florence Nightingale

A

Found most war deaths were due to disease, not injuries from battle

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2
Q

John snow

A

Found Cholera spread through fecal oral transmission (contaminated water) in 1854

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3
Q

Joseph Lister

A

Found handwashing and washing instruments reduced acquired infections

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4
Q

Austin Bradford hill

A

Pioneered clinical trials, found lung cancer can be caused by smoking “Bradford Hill criteria”

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5
Q

Descriptive

A

case analysis and patient histories

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6
Q

Analytical

A

determine cause and effect of disease

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7
Q

Retrospective

A

gather data from the past like medical histories

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8
Q

Prospective

A

follow patients and monitor their disease state through the study

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9
Q

Cohort studies -

A

determine frequency of disease given a factor

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10
Q

Case-control

A

compare a group of individuals with a disease with a group without a disease
Test factors in the past that may explain the differences between groups
Compare frequency of disease in cases vs. controls given the amount of exposure to some cause

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11
Q

Cross-sectional -

A

analyzes randomly selected individuals in a population, comparing affected vs. unaffected
Look for associations between the disease and other variables, but do not show cause and effect
“Snapshot” in time, and shows prevalence of a disease

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12
Q

Phase 1:

A

Ensures safety, determines the distribution of chemical in the body. Checking for serious adverse effects

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13
Q

Phase 2:

A

Dosage and effectiveness (usually compared to current standard/placebo)

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14
Q

Phase 3:

A

Large group, safety and effectiveness for many different people (Must work better than placebo/current standard)

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15
Q

<1

A

protective factor

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16
Q

> 1

A

risk factor

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17
Q

R

A

Strength of correlation between 2 variables

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18
Q

r^2

A

How good model is for accounting for variation

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19
Q

WHO-

A

Eradicated smallpox, almost eradicated polio, SARS epidemic, can declare public health emergencies, travel/trade restrictions, treatment guidelines ,coordination of scientific data

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20
Q

CDC

A

Detect, control, and prevent disease and disability worldwide. Eradicated measles and rubella.

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21
Q

NIH

A

Biggest agency involved in biomedical research, budget of ~$47 billion this year and ~11,000 research projects. Developed new vaccines, tools, and treatments

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22
Q

True positive

A

Test shows paitent is sick, patient is sick

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23
Q

True -

A

Patient is healthy, test comes back as healthy

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24
Q

False +:

A

Patient is healthy, test comes back as sick

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25
Q

False -

A

Patient is sick, result comes back as not sick

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26
Q

Meningitis

A

inflammation of the meninges- coverings of the brain and spinal cord

27
Q

Encephalitis

A

Brain tissue inflammation

28
Q

Circulatory- parts and infection can lead to what?

A

heart, blood, blood vessels. Infections can lead to systemic infection

29
Q

Lymphatic- parts, nature of fluid, produces what?

A

Lymph nodes and vessels, bone marrow, thymus, stationary fluid. Produces leukocytes

30
Q

Bacteremia

A

bacteria in circulatory system, spread throughout bloodstream

31
Q

Sepsis- what is it, symptoms, causes?

A

systemic inflammatory response, high fever, low blood pressure, blood clots, multiple organ failure. Can be caused by bacteria, fungi or viruses

32
Q

Peptone

A

Nitrogen source derived from digested proteins

33
Q

Yeast Extract

A

Source of B vitamins and amino acids

34
Q

Sucrose

A

Fermentable carbohydrate

35
Q

Phenol Red

A

pH indicator that turns yellow in acidic conditions

36
Q

Sodium Chloride

A

When sufficient amounts are added, makes the media selective

37
Q

Agar

A

Solidifying agent

38
Q

Reservoir

A

living organisms or nonliving sites (such as the soil) where a pathogen normally lives and grows

39
Q

Passive carrier

A

not infected with the pathogen, simply transporting it (like a medical worker)

40
Q

Active carrier

A

is infected with the pathogen

41
Q

definitive hosts

A

are organisms that support the sexual reproduction of parasites

42
Q

Intermediate hosts

A

support the growth of immature forms of parasites or asexual reproduction

43
Q

Contact transmission -

A

direct or indirect physical contact

44
Q

Vertical -

A

mother to child during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding,

45
Q

Indirect contact involves

A

Fomites that are contaminated with pathogens, eg contaminated drinking water and food (fecal-oral, cholera

46
Q

Surface persistence is how long

A

a pathogen can stay infectious on an inanimate object, influenced by temperature & humidity

47
Q

Droplet -

A

direct spray of mucus & saliva when someone sneezes or coughs, tend not to spread that far

48
Q

Airborne transmission

A

is a type of indirect transmission that involves smaller particles (aerosols), spread very far

49
Q

Vector transmission

A

Mechanical or biological vectors, typically arthropods, can also transmit disease

50
Q

Rabies

A

Viral infection of the nervous system, transmitted by saliva or brain/nervous system tissue .
Symptoms: Weakness, fever, hydrophobic, insomnia, delirium, hallucinations
Diagnosis: RT-PCR, ELISA
Treatment: Post exposure prophylaxis and rabies immunoglobulin to prevent infection

51
Q

Endocarditis

A

Infection of the endocardium (inmost layer of the heart)
Caused by various bacteria such as S. aureus and Haemophilus
Acute infection can destroy the heart valves within days
Involves “vegetations” (blood clots colonized by bacteria)
Diagnosed with echocardiogram and blood cultures, treated with multiple antibiotics

52
Q

Toxic shock

A

Some Staph aureus produce a superantigen called TSST-1
Can occur as a complication of pneumonia or feminine hygiene products
Sudden vomiting, myalgia, fever, and hypotension
Mortality rate only 3%, diagnosed by clinical signs and detection of toxin
Treated with vasopressors and antibiotics (clindamycin + vancomycin or daptomycin)

53
Q

Gas Gangrene

A

Injuries and some conditions like diabetes can interrupt blood flow to a part of the body, causing gas gangrene
Leads to ischemia (lack of oxygen) and allows strict anaerobic bacteria like Clostridium perfringens to thrive
Causes rapidly spreading death of muscle tissue
When sepsis occurs, mortality rate >50%

54
Q

Plague

A

Plague is a disease caused by the Gram-negative bacillus Yersinia pestis
Three varieties: bubonic (mortality rate: 10-55%), pneumonic (50-100%), and septicemic (50-100%)
Transmitted by the bites of infected fleas
Bacteria localizes to lymph nodes where it causes inflammation and swelling
Damage to circulatory system can cause tissue death
Many different virulence factors including capsule (anti-phagocytic) and siderophores (to get iron)
Diagnosed by culturing fluid from a bubo (swollen lymph node) as well as ELISA and fluorescent antibody tests
Treated with streptomycin, tetracyclines, or ciprofloxacin but should be done within 24 hours of symptoms

55
Q

Ebola

A

Ebola Virus Disease is caused by Ebolavirus, a single-stranded RNA filovirus
Spreads via direct contact with body fluids; dead bodies remain infectious
Starts with fever, headache, and pain, progresses to bleeding in the GI tract after 3 days
Leads to delirium, coma, and multiple organ failure (50% case fatality rate)
Diagnosis is done using ELISA or PCR
No officially approved effective treatment other than supportive therapy like rehydration
Monoclonal antibodies like inmazeb can be given that block viral entry and attachment
A viral vector vaccine was approved in 2019

56
Q

Problem in the lab: How would you resolve mismeasuring ingredients?

A

Zero out the scale after putting weigh boat on it, carefully read numbers on scale

57
Q

A new pharmaceutical has been developed to cure cytomegalovirus infection, since this is a major cause of congenital blindness. Investigators plan a clinical trial with [details redacted]. Argue which phase this is (1-4) and why.

A

Stage 1: You’re beginning to test a new drug, and the main focuses now are testing for serious adverse effects

58
Q

Horizontal -

A

any other type of contact

59
Q

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common STI (~50% of sexually active people)

A

Small, non-enveloped single-stranded DNA virus
Transmission: sex and close skin-skin contact
Can cause cervical cancer, penis cancer, and oropharyngeal cancer (viral genes act as oncogenes that promote uncontrolled cell growth)

60
Q

Chlamydia

A

Common STI caused by Chlamydia trachomatis,
-Gram-negative bacterium that can only replicate while it is inside a host cell
Uses a molecular syringe to inject effector proteins into host cells to manipulate them
Transmission: sexual contact, but can affect other organs such as the eyes

61
Q

Gonorrhea

A

Common STI caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae
-Gram-negative bacterium that survives phagocytosis and sabotages the immune system

62
Q

Chlamydia SDT

A

Symptoms: usually asymptomatic (70-95% of the time), can result in cervical bleeding, urethritis (leads to difficulty/pain while urinating), can lead to ectopic pregnancy, infertility, and pelvic inflammatory disease
Diagnosis: PCR or ELISA
Treatment: Antibiotics such as
tetracycline and azithromycin
(resistance is uncommon)

63
Q

Gonorrhea SDT

A

Symptoms: usually asymptomatic, though can cause dysuria, urethral discharge, testicular pain, or vaginal bleeding
Even when asymptomatic, can cause pelvic inflammatory disease, lead to infertility, or spread to the blood
Diagnosis: PCR or culture of a urine sample or swab
Treatment: Antibiotics (ceftriaxone + azithromycin) but resistance is very common, can be incurable

Medical Microbiology (8 decks)

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