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Medical Microbiology > EXAM 4 > Flashcards

EXAM 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Creating kombucha begins with water, sugar, tea, and microbes (bacteria and yeast). Eventually, the solution turns sour. Determine the purpose of the sugar and describe one technique that you could use to analyze the success of your kombucha.

A

Sugar speeds up fermentation- compare amount of sugar to amount of bacteria

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2
Q

Why is antibiotic-containing soap bad?

A

It increases the chances of antibiotic resistance

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3
Q

How does the Glo-Germ reagent (germ lotion) work from the Contaminated lab?

A

Lotion represents bacteria, spreads through physical contact

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4
Q

Why should we care about microbial control?

A

Can help to prevent infections and death

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5
Q

Static vs. cidal

A

Static prevent growth, cidal kill microbes

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6
Q

Know how to determine D-value from a data table

A

Look for 90% reduction in organism count

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7
Q

When should flame be used to sterilize something?

A

Not heat sensitive

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8
Q

Cause and consequences of thymine dimers

A

From thymine and cytosine bases, bind together as a result of UV damage

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9
Q

Disinfectants vs. antiseptics

A

Disinfectant- Destroy microbes
Antiseptic- Destroy microbes or inhibit growth, used on living tissue

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10
Q

Know how to determine thermal death point from a data table

A

Lowest temperature that kills all population after 10 minutes

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11
Q

How to sterilize a vitamin solution that is sensitive to heat/light

A

Filtration

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12
Q

Know how to determine MIC if given a graph

A

Lowest concentration of a drug that kills microbes

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13
Q

Roles of copper, silver, mercury, and zinc in microbial control (heavy metals)

A

Can induce oxidative damage

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14
Q

Roles of iodine vs. fluoride vs. chlorine in microbial control (halogens)

A

Iodine- Penetrates cell walls, used as antiseptic on skin
Fluoride- Reduces acid tolerance of bacteria, used in water to prevent tooth decay
Chlorine- Removes biofilms, used in water

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15
Q

Know which antiseptic compound is most likely found in mouthwash

A

Chlorhexidine

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16
Q

Purpose of in-use test for disinfectants

A

Tests to make sure it still works

17
Q

Benefits of yogurt, probiotics, and enhanced gut microbial diversity

A

Yogurt is fortified with bacteria, allows for microbiome diversity

18
Q

Roles of the different SCFAs (butyrate, propionate, acetate)

A

Short chain fatty acids- anti inflammatory properties, antimicrobial, gut homeostasis

19
Q

Negative effects of low gut microbial diversity and artificial sweeteners

A

Autoimmune diseases, cancer, worse mental health

20
Q

How to change your gut microbiome

A

Diet, antibiotics, probiotics

21
Q

Types of hemolysis and the organisms associated with them

A

Beta: Complete lysis of RBC, streptococci
Alpha: Lysis of hemoglobin, pneumonia, streptococcus mitis
Gamma: No destruction, enterococcus faecalis

22
Q

Roles of Streptococcus mutans in dental health

A

Linked to tooth decay

23
Q

Roles of Fusobacterium nucleatum in cancer

A

Linked to colorectal cancer

24
Q

Roles of Porphyromonas gingivalis in Alzheimer’s disease

A

High levels linked to alzheimer’s

25
Q

Causative links between the gut microbiota and major depressive disorder

A

Dialister, Faecalibacterium and Coprococcus are linked to better mental health

26
Q

Alpha hemolysis on blood agar

A

Greenish discoloration, Streptococcus pneumonia

27
Q

Beta hemolysis on blood agar

A

Clear zone, Streptococcus pyogenes

28
Q

Gamma hemolysis on blood agar

A

Partial decomposition of hemoglobin, like alpha but milder, Enterococcus faecalis.

29
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

lactic acid (fermentation) inhibited pathogens

30
Q

Relative abundance of microbes in the gut

A
31
Q

There are four possible mechanisms by which gut bacteria may influence the brain. Describe one of them in detail and describe how it may be related to a specific mental health condition.

A

Gut bacteria may produce neurotransmitters, which antidepressants work to produce

32
Q

In 1899, Henri Tessier discovered

A

breastfed infants had Bifidobacterium bifidum in their gut

33
Q

In 1905, Stamen Grigorov discovered

A

Lactobacillus bulgaricus (yogurt production)

34
Q

Elie Metchnikov promoted the use of fermented dairy to

A

slow down aging

35
Q

Stomach and duodenum

A

10^1-10^2/ml

36
Q

Colon

A

10^10-10^12/ml

37
Q

Jejunum and ileum

A

10^4-10^5

Medical Microbiology (8 decks)

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