Exam #5 Urinary, Reproductive and CNS Flashcards
UTIs
Bladder (cystitis)
Kidney (pyelonephritis)
Women have more (short urethra) (2 or more in 6m 3 or more in 12m)
30-40% hospital acquired infections (catheters)
Most common is E. Coli (pseudomonas, enterococcus and staph)
Recurrent UTI
Incomplete emptying of the bladder, sex, spermicides (irritate)
Treatment of UTI
Prophylactic continuous antibiotic treatment (low dosage) want to avoid because if can damage body natural floura
Take antibiotics after sexual activity
Bacterial UTIs and Kidney Stone
Alkaline urine (high PH) - results in crystals (kidney stones)
Bladder
Not sterile, microbiome of the bladder
DNA says they exist but they cannot be grown
Ascending
Urethra to the Bladder
- most common in women
Ascending - Kidney
if bladder is not treated the bacteria can travel to the kidney and cause infection
Descending
From the kidneys to the bladder
- bacteria in the blood stream that gets trapped in the kidneys, travels down ureters’ to bladder
UTI Testing
Dip Sticks: Presence of WBC (should not have many), lots of protein (indications of poor kidney), high levels of glucose
Look at UA for microbes (WBC casts)
Pyelonephritis
kidney inflammation
90% E. Coli
may complain of painful urination, more frequent urea (poly urea), and nocturia (nighttime urination)
WBC/RBC casts
Glomerulonephritis
damage to the glomerulus
Strep. pyogenes (have similar protein as one naturally found in the kidneys)
leaking protein in the urine
bacterial vaginosis
change of vaginal flora
- menstrual cycle, antibiotic use, changes in PH (normal 4.5)
Lactobacillus acidophilus - lowers Ph and suppresses growth of bad bacteria in the vagina
(ask about protective nature on exam)
Gardnerella vaginalis
Gram negative cocco-bacillus
PH at 5.6 will start to grow
Foul smelling discharge with “clue cells”
- vagina epithelial cells covered in gram negative rods
“Clue cells”
Candida albicans
Common cause of yeast infections, normal vaginal flora, immunosuppression and disruption of the flora can result in over replication
Leptospirosis
Leprospira interrogans (gram negative motile spirochete)
zoonosis - contamination with animal urine
membrane of nose, mouths, eyes or skin abrasion, can burrow through palms and soles
enters flood and is filtered by the kidneys (live in tubules of nephrons)
STI
SS
should use infection vs diseases, can cause a delay in treatment
abnormal discharge, sores/blisters, painful urination, bleeding or unusual mensural cramps, itching, pain during intercorse
- ss: may appear to go away by themselves
STI
SS
should use infection vs diseases, can cause a delay in treatment
abnormal discharge, sores/blisters, painful urination, bleeding or unusual mensural cramps, itching, pain during intercorse
- ss: may appear to go away by themselves
Gonorrhea
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- gram negative diplococcus, 50% asymptomatic, humans only natural host, have very good attatchemnt pili (can stay for 10+ years)
- endotoxin that damages fallopian tubes, enzymes that destroy antibodies
Chlamydia
Chlamydia trachomatis
- spherical obligate intercellular bacteria
- mimics gonorrhoeae infections, cannot culture organism
- most commonly reported
- treated with few round of antibotics
- 75% infected women have no symptoms
Syphilis
Treponema palladium
- gram negative sprirochete, must be grown in cell culture
- sensitive to drying, transmitted through body fluids
- chancre, ulcers on the genitals - will heal on their own in 4-6 weeks
Untreated syphilis
2-10 weeks after
- runny nose, watery eyes, aches and pains, rash with palms and soles (can cause hair to fall out)
- any fluid from the rash is infectious
Tertiary syphilis
after 5-20 years bacteria can move into the brain
general paresis - slight paralysis, personality change, delusion, memory loss, impaired judgement, insanity, aortic damage
