Exam #4 Review Flashcards
Ligonella avoid immune system
by living and reproducing in the immune cells, will be digested by macrophages
Ligonella gram stain
Ligonella Diagnosis
Urine Test
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
Signs and symptoms
Treatment of TB
- Gram shape rods, acid fast
- Unexplained weightless, night sweats, coughing up blood
Micobacterium Tiberulocis
Granuloma
Immune system to wall of the TB bacteria, bacteria continue to grow and eventually will burst
Diagnose TB
- Tubercles (granulomas on x-ray)
- 2 step skin test
- Blood test
Miliary TB
when bacteria escape the lungs and enter blood stream
Treatment of TB (what antibiotics)
Early stage diagnosis: antibiotics for 3-4 months (isonycin + rif- family)
Late stage diagnosis: add more antibotics and for 9 months
Rif - MRNA synthesis inhibitor
Isonyocin -
What organism commonly infects lungs of kids with cystic fibrosis
Sudomonos Riginosa, very difficult to treat, resistant to antibotics
Signs and symtoms of Mono
Sore throat, loss of appetite, swollen lymph nodes, fatigue, swollen spleen
Most people are told to “take it easy”
Diagnose of Mono
Rapid test - test for antigens in the throat
Blood smear - look for enlarges leukocytes
Mono is what type of infection/virus
Herpes virus - Epstien Barr
Mono blood smear
Group B strep infections
Streptococcus Agalactia
Normal for mom, can cause infection in baby
- can be apart of moms normal vaginal floura, major cause of neonatal meningitis
Myocarditus
infection of heart muscles
Endocarditis
infection of the inside of the heart (valves)
Pericarditis
infection + swelling of the lining around the heart
What causes endocarditis + risk factors
Strep or Stayph
- Surgery: allow the bacteria access to the blood stream
Cutaneous Anthrax
Echars form on the skin, black necrotic (dead) skin, stays localized
Highly treatable with antibotics
Respiratory Anthrax
Signs and symptoms + treatment
Spores are inhaled
SS: cough, chest congestion, mild fever (flu like symptoms)
Acute after 4 days: organ failure,
Protective Antigen
is going to bring LF and EF into the cell, binds to the cell receptors, and brings them in through endocytosis
Lethal Factor
LF - kills the cell
Edema Factor
EF - causes swelling
Bubonic plague
bitten by an infected flea, bacteria into lymph system, swelling in lymph nodes, creates bubones (armpit or groin)
Septicemic
bacteria enters the blood leads to organ failure
Pneumonic plague
bacteria into the lungs, massive hemorrhaging, coughing up blood
Person to person transmission
Treatments of Plagues
Bubonic Plague: very treatable if treated right away with antibotics, if untreated they become septic
Causative bacteria of Plague
Yersinia pestis
Lymes Disease
Virellia, tick (vector)
Sequelae (long term symptoms) for Lymes
Chronic fatigue
Bullseyes rash
Not seen in all cases of lymes disease, rash may not come or rash leaves very quickly, hard to feel tick bite
Rocky mountain spotted fever
Verketsia (obligate intercellular bacteria, grows inside the cells)
Tick bite and high fever
Rash characteristics: Wrists + ankles and moved towards the trunk of the body
Rocky mountain spotted fever rash
What causes Malaria
Plasmodium
Mosquito vector (parasite to liver, reproduce in liver, leaves and infects RBC)
Pathogenesis - on and off fevers
malaria blood smear
Tularemia types
Skin: ulcers
Inhaled: causes pnemonia
in case look for presence of a small animal (famous for carrying bacteria) (pt is landscaper, hunter, taxidermist)
Chagas Disease Type
Spread through trytommite bugs (protozal disease), swelling at bite,
Toxoplasmosis, how do you get it an who does it effect
Protozoal disease
Reservoir: rodents/small birds and cats
Cat will eat infected animal, human interacts with cat feces (poops out eggs)
Effects Immunocompromised: can develop CNS infections (tremors and movement disorder)
Effects Fetus: can cause birth defects (mental disability)
Lymphatic filariasis, name, vector and what is does
Elaphantisis
Vector - mosquito carries Wischeria worm
Blocks the flow of lymphatic fluid
Food poisning
Ingest the toxins that were released by the bacteria, many are heat stable
Issue is the toxin
GI Infections
Salmonella and bacteria the colonized in the GI
Food poisonings or infections faster
Poison, toxins react with cells upon presence
Characteristics of S. Aureus Toxin
Heat cannot destroy (boil or microwave)
Toxin will trigger vomiting’s
Leukocytosis
Increased white blood cells
Leukopenia (can be an indication of)
Low white blood cell count
Typhoid Fever
Campylobacter
causes food poisoning
poultry, undercooked or raw
Shape: weird W
Salmonella
gram negative
raw, uncooked eggs or chicken
E. Coli
Undercooked beef, vegetables that could have been contaminated with feces
Salmonella Typhi and relation to carriers
Get through drinking infected water, people can be asymptomatic and spread disease through spreading fecal material
Helocobacter Pylori
can survive in stomach and lead to stomach ulcers
How to avoid typhoid fever
if endemic area, get the vaccine, make sure that you watch where you get water from
Typhoid fever rash (looks like little roses)
C. Diff damage to colon
Gram positive rods
Makes difficile toxin, leads to inflamed painful colon,
Why does antibiotics lead to C. Diff
can be apart of a natural microflora, C Diff is a spore former, and when antibiotics are done the spores can germinate
finds no competitors because no other bacteria survived
Why would someone get a fecal transplant
put the good gut bacteria back into the patient and the c. diff will be unable to thrive and produce as much toxin
EPEC E. Coli (pathogenic) vs regular E. coli
have attachment proteins, intestinal cells make pedestals so bacteria can stay in the gut, and release shiga toxin
EPEC E. Coli (pathogenic) vs regular E. coli
have attachment proteins, intestinal cells make pedestals so bacteria can stay in the gut, and release shiga toxin
Shiga Toxin
Binds to receptor (GB3) and toxin is brought into cells, destroys ribosomes (ribosomes make proteins) leads to cell death
HUS
Hemoragic uremic syndrome, caused by shiga toxin (E. Coli), triggers blood clots to form
Where is Listeria naturally + what does it contaminate
Who does it effect
environmental in the soil, found in deli meats and raw foods, can be toxic to pregnant woman and lead to miscarriage
H. Pylori Breathe Test
Contains Carbon 13
If bacteria is present enzyme will create ammonia and carbon dioxide (that contains heavy carbon atom) and they will exhale the carbon 13 labeled CO2
After an hour the patient will exhale into a one way valve bag and you can analyze the carbon dioxide in the bags
Norovirus
fecal-oral (contamination of food or water) route, lasts 12-24 hours
SS: fever, headache, malaise, vomiting and diarrhea, extremely infectious
- treatment: rehydration
Norovirus (SS, treatment, transmission)
fecal-oral (contamination of food or water) route, lasts 12-24 hours
SS: fever, headache, malaise, vomiting and diarrhea, extremely infectious
- treatment: rehydration
Vibro Cholera (SS, treatment, transmission)
comma shaped, salt-tolerant, gram negative rod, fecal material gets into water sources
- Severe diarrhea (death within few hours)
–can be measured with colera cots (hole in middle) and it is measured in liters per hour
treatment: oral rehydration salts or IV fluids to keep pt hydrated and to give electrolytes
Replenish fluids they can survive
Hepatitis A (transmission, SS, prevention)
effects liver
through fecal material, sex, or any bodily fluids
SS: nausea, vomiting, liver inflammation and liver serosis if untreated
vaccine available
