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z. Medical Microbiology > Exam #4 Review > Flashcards

Exam #4 Review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Ligonella avoid immune system

A

by living and reproducing in the immune cells, will be digested by macrophages

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2
Q
A

Ligonella gram stain

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3
Q

Ligonella Diagnosis

A

Urine Test

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4
Q

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
Signs and symptoms
Treatment of TB

A
  • Gram shape rods, acid fast
  • Unexplained weightless, night sweats, coughing up blood
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5
Q
A

Micobacterium Tiberulocis

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6
Q

Granuloma

A

Immune system to wall of the TB bacteria, bacteria continue to grow and eventually will burst

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7
Q

Diagnose TB

A
  1. Tubercles (granulomas on x-ray)
  2. 2 step skin test
  3. Blood test
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8
Q

Miliary TB

A

when bacteria escape the lungs and enter blood stream

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9
Q

Treatment of TB (what antibiotics)

A

Early stage diagnosis: antibiotics for 3-4 months (isonycin + rif- family)
Late stage diagnosis: add more antibotics and for 9 months
Rif - MRNA synthesis inhibitor
Isonyocin -

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10
Q

What organism commonly infects lungs of kids with cystic fibrosis

A

Sudomonos Riginosa, very difficult to treat, resistant to antibotics

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11
Q

Signs and symtoms of Mono

A

Sore throat, loss of appetite, swollen lymph nodes, fatigue, swollen spleen
Most people are told to “take it easy”

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12
Q

Diagnose of Mono

A

Rapid test - test for antigens in the throat
Blood smear - look for enlarges leukocytes

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13
Q

Mono is what type of infection/virus

A

Herpes virus - Epstien Barr

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14
Q
A

Mono blood smear

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15
Q

Group B strep infections

A

Streptococcus Agalactia
Normal for mom, can cause infection in baby
- can be apart of moms normal vaginal floura, major cause of neonatal meningitis

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15
Q

Myocarditus

A

infection of heart muscles

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16
Q

Endocarditis

A

infection of the inside of the heart (valves)

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17
Q

Pericarditis

A

infection + swelling of the lining around the heart

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18
Q

What causes endocarditis + risk factors

A

Strep or Stayph
- Surgery: allow the bacteria access to the blood stream

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19
Q

Cutaneous Anthrax

A

Echars form on the skin, black necrotic (dead) skin, stays localized
Highly treatable with antibotics

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20
Q

Respiratory Anthrax
Signs and symptoms + treatment

A

Spores are inhaled
SS: cough, chest congestion, mild fever (flu like symptoms)
Acute after 4 days: organ failure,

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20
Q

Protective Antigen

A

is going to bring LF and EF into the cell, binds to the cell receptors, and brings them in through endocytosis

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21
Q

Lethal Factor

A

LF - kills the cell

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22
Q

Edema Factor

A

EF - causes swelling

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23
Q

Bubonic plague

A

bitten by an infected flea, bacteria into lymph system, swelling in lymph nodes, creates bubones (armpit or groin)

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24
Q

Septicemic

A

bacteria enters the blood leads to organ failure

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25
Q

Pneumonic plague

A

bacteria into the lungs, massive hemorrhaging, coughing up blood

Person to person transmission

26
Q

Treatments of Plagues

A

Bubonic Plague: very treatable if treated right away with antibotics, if untreated they become septic

27
Q

Causative bacteria of Plague

A

Yersinia pestis

28
Q

Lymes Disease

A

Virellia, tick (vector)

29
Q

Sequelae (long term symptoms) for Lymes

A

Chronic fatigue

30
Q

Bullseyes rash

A

Not seen in all cases of lymes disease, rash may not come or rash leaves very quickly, hard to feel tick bite

31
Q

Rocky mountain spotted fever

A

Verketsia (obligate intercellular bacteria, grows inside the cells)
Tick bite and high fever

32
Q

Rash characteristics: Wrists + ankles and moved towards the trunk of the body

A

Rocky mountain spotted fever rash

33
Q

What causes Malaria

A

Plasmodium
Mosquito vector (parasite to liver, reproduce in liver, leaves and infects RBC)
Pathogenesis - on and off fevers

34
Q
A

malaria blood smear

34
Q

Tularemia types

A

Skin: ulcers
Inhaled: causes pnemonia
in case look for presence of a small animal (famous for carrying bacteria) (pt is landscaper, hunter, taxidermist)

35
Q

Chagas Disease Type

A

Spread through trytommite bugs (protozal disease), swelling at bite,

35
Q

Toxoplasmosis, how do you get it an who does it effect

A

Protozoal disease
Reservoir: rodents/small birds and cats

Cat will eat infected animal, human interacts with cat feces (poops out eggs)
Effects Immunocompromised: can develop CNS infections (tremors and movement disorder)
Effects Fetus: can cause birth defects (mental disability)

36
Q

Lymphatic filariasis, name, vector and what is does

A

Elaphantisis
Vector - mosquito carries Wischeria worm
Blocks the flow of lymphatic fluid

37
Q

Food poisning

A

Ingest the toxins that were released by the bacteria, many are heat stable
Issue is the toxin

38
Q

GI Infections

A

Salmonella and bacteria the colonized in the GI

39
Q

Food poisonings or infections faster

A

Poison, toxins react with cells upon presence

40
Q

Characteristics of S. Aureus Toxin

A

Heat cannot destroy (boil or microwave)
Toxin will trigger vomiting’s

41
Q

Leukocytosis

A

Increased white blood cells

42
Q

Leukopenia (can be an indication of)

A

Low white blood cell count
Typhoid Fever

43
Q

Campylobacter

A

causes food poisoning
poultry, undercooked or raw
Shape: weird W

44
Q

Salmonella

A

gram negative
raw, uncooked eggs or chicken

45
Q

E. Coli

A

Undercooked beef, vegetables that could have been contaminated with feces

46
Q

Salmonella Typhi and relation to carriers

A

Get through drinking infected water, people can be asymptomatic and spread disease through spreading fecal material

47
Q

Helocobacter Pylori

A

can survive in stomach and lead to stomach ulcers

48
Q

How to avoid typhoid fever

A

if endemic area, get the vaccine, make sure that you watch where you get water from

49
Q
A

Typhoid fever rash (looks like little roses)

50
Q

C. Diff damage to colon

A

Gram positive rods
Makes difficile toxin, leads to inflamed painful colon,

51
Q

Why does antibiotics lead to C. Diff

A

can be apart of a natural microflora, C Diff is a spore former, and when antibiotics are done the spores can germinate
finds no competitors because no other bacteria survived

52
Q

Why would someone get a fecal transplant

A

put the good gut bacteria back into the patient and the c. diff will be unable to thrive and produce as much toxin

53
Q

EPEC E. Coli (pathogenic) vs regular E. coli

A

have attachment proteins, intestinal cells make pedestals so bacteria can stay in the gut, and release shiga toxin

53
Q

EPEC E. Coli (pathogenic) vs regular E. coli

A

have attachment proteins, intestinal cells make pedestals so bacteria can stay in the gut, and release shiga toxin

54
Q

Shiga Toxin

A

Binds to receptor (GB3) and toxin is brought into cells, destroys ribosomes (ribosomes make proteins) leads to cell death

54
Q

HUS

A

Hemoragic uremic syndrome, caused by shiga toxin (E. Coli), triggers blood clots to form

55
Q

Where is Listeria naturally + what does it contaminate
Who does it effect

A

environmental in the soil, found in deli meats and raw foods, can be toxic to pregnant woman and lead to miscarriage

56
Q

H. Pylori Breathe Test

A

Contains Carbon 13
If bacteria is present enzyme will create ammonia and carbon dioxide (that contains heavy carbon atom) and they will exhale the carbon 13 labeled CO2
After an hour the patient will exhale into a one way valve bag and you can analyze the carbon dioxide in the bags

57
Q

Norovirus

A

fecal-oral (contamination of food or water) route, lasts 12-24 hours
SS: fever, headache, malaise, vomiting and diarrhea, extremely infectious
- treatment: rehydration

58
Q

Norovirus (SS, treatment, transmission)

A

fecal-oral (contamination of food or water) route, lasts 12-24 hours
SS: fever, headache, malaise, vomiting and diarrhea, extremely infectious
- treatment: rehydration

59
Q

Vibro Cholera (SS, treatment, transmission)

A

comma shaped, salt-tolerant, gram negative rod, fecal material gets into water sources
- Severe diarrhea (death within few hours)
–can be measured with colera cots (hole in middle) and it is measured in liters per hour
treatment: oral rehydration salts or IV fluids to keep pt hydrated and to give electrolytes
Replenish fluids they can survive

60
Q

Hepatitis A (transmission, SS, prevention)

A

effects liver
through fecal material, sex, or any bodily fluids
SS: nausea, vomiting, liver inflammation and liver serosis if untreated
vaccine available

z. Medical Microbiology (4 decks)

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