Exam #4 Flashcards
Tuberculosis
Receive from inhaled bacteria - gets ingested by macrophages and reproduces in them
Process of disease can take decades
Not as contagious in latent form
Tubercules (granulona)
Area of tissue that form from your immune system trying to wall off infection, surrounding tissues will die/hemorrhage
TB Diagnosis
Chest X-Ray and can see the granulomas
Miliary tuberculosis
Granulomas can break down, destory tissues and will spread into the circulatory system (out of lungs)
Disseminated tubercles
Granulomas (tubercles) forming in other places than the lungs
- ex urinary, spinal cord
TB treatment
- Isoiazid (mycolic acid synthesis prohibitor - bacteria needs to live)
- Rifampin
- Combo isoniazid and rifapentine
Make sure that people are taking drugs appropriately
Treatment for latent TB with no outward symptoms (skin test positive)
Treatment can last 6-9 months
SS of infection
decreases appetite, fatigue, chest pain, coughing up blood, prolonged productive cough, night sweats
M. tuberculosis skin test
Inject the proteins of bacteria, if you have been exposed to the bacteria your immune system will launch a immune response
Injection site will: swelled, raised (induration/diameter) needs to be greater than <15 mL with no risk factors
<10 mL with some risk factors
Inhalation Anthrax
prodromal phase lasts 5 days (similar to the flu), rapid progression - SOH, chest pains, coughing up blood (need to get antibiotic treatment within 48 hours) lung will fill with fluid
Bacillus Anthrasis (gram stain)
Anthrax
edema factor - causes swelling prevents phagocytosis
lethal factor - toxic to immune cells and kills human cells
protective antigen (trojain horse) - brings the factors into the cells and injects it into the cytoplasm.
Cutaneous Anthrax
90% of all cases, 2-5 post exposure, low mortality, spores introduced to skin and release exotoxins causing damage to tissue (eschar)
Eschar
black necrotic tissue forming accompanied by swelling can be a sign of cutaneous anthrax
Infectious mononucleosis
herpes virus (Epstein-barr virus)
avoid strenuous activity (liver and spleen swollen and could rupture)
SS: headache, fatigue, malaise, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes
Septicemias diagnosis
Growth of blood cultures
Septicemias diagnosis
Growth of blood cultures
Group B strep
Streptococcus agalactica
can be normal flora of vaginal, not a problem for mom, effects baby
neonatal sepsis and meningitis
try to treat mom before birth with penicillin (safe)
Plauge
fleas (vectors) rodents (reservoir) bacteria still endemic in rodent populations in the US and Europe
Yersinia pestis, gram negative rods
Bubonic plague
incubation 2-7 days
name swellings in groin called buboes
if untreated can become septicemia plague
Buboes
swelling of lymph nodes, they can turn black with necrosis
pneumonic plague
travels to the lungs,
only kind that can be spread person to person
most deadly, need to get antibiotics within 24 hours
Tularemia
Francisella tularensis (zoonosis)
Marthas vineyeard - gardener mowed over a dead rabbit that had tularumia, it aresolized, everyone who was outside in the area (neighbors) got it highly infectious bacteria
50% of the people do not know where they got it
Francisells tularensis (gram negative micro rods)
F. tularensis ulveroglandular form
entry thorugh the skin (minor cuts, abrasions and bites)
following the 48hr incubation period there will be high fever, chills, headache, buboes
patients will have healing/opening skin lesions, relapsing fevers
F tularensis Inhalation
aerosols from skinning infectious animals, can make patchy bronchiole pneumonia w/ lung necrosis
30% mortality
F tularensis Inhalation
aerosols from skinning infectious animals, can make patchy bronchiole pneumonia w/ lung necrosis
30% mortality
Lymes disease
Ixodes tick most common to spread
Burellia
Come and go fevers, come and go fatigue
Rocky mountain spotted fever
Rickettsia rickettsii, primarily only grows inside of cells, gram negative rods, look for antibodies or test PCR (for the DNA)
Rash starts near the hands or feet, and spreads to the center of the body
Spreads through ticks
Streptocossus mutans
bacteria are opportunistic, will colonize surface of heart values, when clumps break off, would cause an immune response and cause a fever
will cause vegetations (growths)
causes endocarditis (inflammation of inner heart)
diagnosed though sonograms, you can look and see the growths on the heart valves
patients will develop a heart murmur or make a previous one worse
treatment: if small antibotics, larger could be surgical replacement of the valve
Malaria
parasites go to liver - turn to ones that grow in blood - highly infectious through mosquito
Plasmodium falciparum (P. vivax less common)
Fevers, tropical travel, blood sample, can see the ring formations inside the cells
Treatment - quinine bark, oldest from 1800, chloroquine anti-parasitic (-quines), artemisinin plant extracts, working on vaccine
Chagas
-trypansomal illness, spread through triatomine bugs in S. America and Mexico due to climate change (have been found in southern Ohio)
-if untreated can lead to heart disease
-effective antiparasitics, diagnosed though blood smear
Toxoplasma Gondii
- Via contact with cat feces (laid eggs)
-SS mild lymph node enlargement
-pregnant women: transmitted across placenta, causes still births, spontaneous abortion, congenital defects. Baby can be born with mental deficiencies, blindness and movement disorders, alters dopamine levels in brain could connect with schizophrenia and bipolar
-treatment: anti-parasitic drugs
Leishmania
-spread through sandflys
-s
Wuchereria bancrofti
worm can block off lymphatic vessels, can cause elephantiasis disease, legs and groins most commonly effected
-humans are the host, if people get treated there’s a potential for eradication
-endemic in 83 tropical countries
food intoxincation (food poisoning)
common cause of illness
ingesting toxins that are made by bacteria causes tissue damage
lots of toxins made by bacteria are heat stable, bacteria may not be present
faster signs of presence of disease
food borne infections
salmonela, e coli
staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins
common skin bacteria
inflames intestinal wall and prevents water reabsorption, stimulates hypothalamus when brought to blood stream (vomiting’s)
enterotoxins (entero - gut)
heat stable toxin, will not be destroyed
starch/cream based foods are a target
1-6 hours post ingestion, lasts around 8 hours
staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins
common skin bacteria
inflames intestinal wall and prevents water reabsorption, stimulates hypothalamus when brought to blood stream (vomiting’s)
enterotoxins (entero - gut)
heat stable toxin, will not be destroyed
starch/cream based foods are a target
1-6 hours post ingestion, lasts around 8 hours
bacillus cereus
gram positive, spore forming (spores floating around in air) beta hemolytic
secretics emetic toxin (vomiting’s)
onset is faster than S. aureus (hour or less)
helicobacter pylori
inflammation of the stomach (gastritis), curved rods (does not stain well in nature)
- no one believed that the bacteria could survive the stomach (barry marshall - swallowed bacteria and proved)
- treated with antibotics
- bacteria decrades the protective layer of skin, acids and digestive enzymes are (eating the stomach) can cause hemmorage
H. pylori breath test
Patient drinks carbon 13 and water
If bacteria is present an enzyme
E. Coli
Gram negative rod (normal e. coli that are present in body)
Pathogenic strains have evolved (horizontal gene transfer)
- Gene present is a Shiga Toxin
- E. Coli O157:H7 (found in healthy cattle and passed through their manure, cattle lack GB3 receptor)
—H (flagella protein) O (polysaccharide molecule) produces an adherence protein that allow them to attach to intestinal cells, once attacthed secrete the shiga toxin (a - toxic and b part - sneaks into cells) The B binds to the GB3 receptors found on
our cells
- Severe problems: shiga toxin causes blood clots to form, and you get fragments of red blood cells that later have to get filtered by kidneys, causes kidney failure this is HUS
—-HUS treatment: IV fluids (flush kidneys) dialysis (filter blood of clots and waste)
Salmonellosis
found in bird and reptile GI tracts, gram negative rod
Salmonella enteritidis (first), salmonella typhimtium (second contaminated water)
undercooked poultry or eggs
SS: 8-48 hours post ingestion, recover in 1-4 days if PT stays hydrated
Typhi: invade intestinal tissue, picked up my phagocytes and disperse, antibotics usally given to eliminate colonization in the gallbladder/appendix
Typhi SS: rose spots on trunk and abdomen, abdominal distension and tender, leukopenia (low WBC) spleen enlargement, if untreated high fever, pnemonia, perforated bowels
Rose spots rash, sign of Typhoid fever, caused by Salmonella typhimtium
listeria
Listeria
gram positive rods, moves around in the cell through actin tails
problems in food with soil/dirt contaminates
SS: healthy immune systems receive diarrheic
Problems in pregnancy: can cross placenta, stillbirth, miscarriages
Problems with immunocompromised/elderly: cause meningitis and likely death
- Can grow in fridge: sprouts, soft cheese, raw milk, deli meats, salad toppings (risky)
campylobacter
number one cause of diarrhea
unproperly prepared poultry and cattle
imunocomprmised: can cause organ damage (pancreas, heart)
C. jejuni (gram negative, wing shape)
- uncooked chicken, milk and eggs
severe diarrhea, foul feces, fever, abdominal cramps, dehydration and eleycrtolyate imbalances
causes influx of inflammatory factors
vibrio colerae
comma shaped, salt-tolerant, gram negative rod
- Severe diarrhea (death within few hours)
–can be measured with colera cots (hole in middle) and it is measured in liters per hour
treatment: oral rehydration salts or IV fluids to keep pt hydrated and to give electrolytes
Replenish fluids they can survive
Vibrio cholerae
norovirus
fecal-oral (contamination of food or water) route, lasts 12-24 hours
SS: fever, headache, malaise, vomiting and diarrhea, extremely infectious
- treatment: rehydration
norovirus
fecal-oral (contamination of food or water) route, lasts 12-24 hours
SS: fever, headache, malaise, vomiting and diarrhea, extremely infectious
- treatment: rehydration
hepatitis A
effects liver
through fecal material, sex, or any bodily fluids
SS: nausea, vomiting, liver inflammation and liver cerosis if untreated
vacciene avalible
