Exam #3 Flashcards
adaptive vs innate immune system
Adaptive: Takes time to develop but highly effective, responds to antigens, B cells (antigen specific, mature in bone marrow, produce antibodies) T cells (antigen specific, mature in thymus, 4 kinds - becomes memory cells)
Innate: Immediate response, nonspecific, operates continuously
neutrophils
first response to invaders, when found it results in phagocytosis, what pus is made of
macrophages
longer lived than neutrophils, can also present antigens
eosinophils and basophils
elevated (Eos) are indications of a parasitic infection, release chemicals that are toxic to parasites
dendritic cells
spleen and lymph nodes, can phagocyte whole bacteria and absorb soluble antigens, insert themselves into membrane to break and kill the cell
mast cells
in connective tissues, rich in histamine (inflammation) and heparin
monocytes
circulate in blood and differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells
neutrophils vs macrophages
macro are longer lived and can present antigens
elevated neutrophils
bacterial infection
elevated lymphocytes
(b and t cells) viral infection
elevated eosinphils
parasitic infection
elevated basophils
allergic reaction
physcial barriers to infection
- skin (layers of dead cells); sebum (oily substance that covers and protects), slightly acidic pH inhibits bacterial growth,
physical barries to infection for lungs
large microbes get trapped in hairs/cilia of the nasal cavity, sneezing forces air out of the respiratory tract, macrophages ingest and kill most bacteria not sneezed out
chemical barriers to infection
- acidic pH of the stomach
- acidic pH of the vagina
- lysozyme (enzyme) degrades walls of gram positive bacteria
- defensins, apart of the innate immune system, kill by destroying the cytoplasmic membrane (insert themselves) both gram positive and negative bacteria
David Phillip Vetter case key points
- born with a mutation where he could no produce t cells
- received a stem cell transplant from sister (bone marrow)
- stem cells contained mono (latent herpres virus) and he died from that disease
cytotoxic t-cells
destroy infected host cells
what are antibodies
proteins that circulate in the blood stream and recognize foreign structures such as antigens
parts of an antibody and their functions
antigen binding sites - tips - different based on what antigen it recognizes
IgA function
2 antibodies stuck together, protects external openings
IgM function
appear in early infection, 1st to make a response to pathogen/vaccine, largest (5 binded together)
IgG function
most common, highlights pathogens for phagocytes, only one that can cross placenta, few weeks to get immunity
IgE function
triggers the release of histamines (allergies)
IgD function
primarily unknown, on the surface of B cells
what antibody isotope can cross the placenta
IgG
what is isotype switching
changes the B cell from one type of antibody to another
ex: IgM to IgG
mascular
red, flat, less than 1 cm diameter
vesitcular
small blisters are formed
papular
small, solid and elevated
pustular
papule that is filled with pus
maculopapular
papule is reddened
how to you become infected with chicken pox/shingles, how does it replicate
inhale particles from skin lesions, exposure to the fluids, replicates in nasopharynx,
how does chicken pox damage skin cells
invades the capillary endothelial calls (deepest layer) and produces fluid
where does chicken pox go when it is latent
neurons of the dorsal root ganglia
risk factors for reactivation of chicken pox/shingles
stress, poor diet/sleep, anything that wears down the immune function
why is chicken pox/shingles a risk to the eye
can cause an infection in the cornea
chicken pox/shingles vaccine
live form of the virus, have the vaccine as a kid will not get shingles
how do you come infected with measles
breathe in water droplets, extremely infectious, replicates in lungs - moved to lymph nodes and produces a viremia (presence of virus in blood)
what type of rash does measles cause
flat, red, starts at the hairline and goes down the back
signs and symptoms of measles
cold and flu symptoms to start, high fever (104), reash appears at hairline and spreads down, conjunctivitis (pink eye), koplik spots
what are Koplik spots
white spots on the inner cheek, sign of measles
how do you catch reubella
inhalation of infection, replicates in cytoplasm of nasopharynx and lymph nodes
what type of rash does reubella cause
pink maculopapular (redden papule) that arises suddenly on head and spreads to the body and extremities
who is at most risk for a rubella infection why do we still vaccinate even though it is a mild disease
children at most risk, can cause birth defects in pregnant women and in immunocompromised patients can cause inflammation of heart - can lead to death
Staphylococcus aureus, gram stain and arrangement
S. aureus (flora, hemolytic type, how does it avoid immune system)
normal flora in nose, beta hemolytic (complete), coats bacteria and walls of the infection from the immune system leading to abscess formation, can kill immune cells and coat itself in proteins
toxic shock syndrome
causes vasodilation, subdermal hemorrhage, drop in BP, toxins diffuse from the abscesses to the blood, can cause peeling of hands and feet (scaled skin syndrome)
what is mrsa and the best antibotic to treat it
S. aureus, treated with penicillin drugs, 60% has become resistant, will be treated with vancomycin
how can you diagnose hand-foot-and mouth disease
related to common cold, blister-like sores on the hands and mouth that are not painful or itchy, can be found in nasal and throat secretions, spread through contact with fluids
signs and symptoms of impetigo
honey colored crust lesions around nose and mouth cause by strep or staph, highly contagious
Streptococcus pyogenes, gram stain
S. pyogenes (flora, hemolytic type)
normal in upper respiratory, beta hemolytic
signs and symptoms of necrotizing factitious, major bacterial cause
blisters, fatigue, pain, produces toxins that cause major tissue distruction, infection of the fascia (between skin and organ)
how can a hyperbaric oxygen chamber help treat necrotizing factitious
strep has no catalase and is anaerobic, killed by the oxygen
what is cellulitis and its involved tissues
non-necrotizing inflammation of the lower dermal layers, does not involve fascia or muscles, often a complication of a wound infection
what is lymphangitis, what might it indicate
inflammation of the lymphatic vessels caused by staph/strep other bacteria could indicate sepsis
how can you tell the difference between staph vs strep
staph: gram positive cocci cluster, catalase reactive to oxygen
strep: gram positive cocci in chains, no reactive catalase, anaerobic
both: beta hemolytic
staph yellow on msa, strep will not grow on msa
ringworm infections
caused by fungus, direct contact with skin, over counter anti-fungal creams will help treat
candida infections
form in normal flora of GI tracts, vagina, oral cavity, infects skin, mucous membranes and body organs
what does KOH prep do in regards of fungal infections
destroys skin cells but not walls of mycelia (cell walls of fungi)
burn wound infections
mrsa is most common cause of burn wound infection, skin barrier damaged the bacteria have a direct route
dry vs wet vs gas gangrene
dry: fingers and toes, severe frostbite or diabetes
wet: internal necrosis
gas: clostridium species produce gasses, also considered wet
Clostridium perfringens
gram positive rod, spore former, anaerobe, grows only on dead tissue, found in the soil, infects traumatic wounds, kills host tissue before immune can respond
conjunctivitis vs keratitis
C: inflammation of the white of the eye
K: inflammation of the cornea (sight threatening)
viral keratitis
cornea infection
bacterial eye infections
white part of the eye infection
why are newborns given eyedrops
as a prophylactic measure against different STD’s the mother could have
virulence factors
(severity of disease) determined by the capsules
major cause of bacterial pharyngitis and why is treatment important
strep throat, some proteins on can be similar as cardiac/joint/kidney proteins, body can then bind to own cells
what is special about the strep pyrogens that cause scarlet fever
makes pyrogenic exotoxins
signs and symptoms of diphtheria
gray matter covers back of the throat, preventable by vaccine
why is it common for children to otitis media ear infections and what is the treatment for children with chronic ear infections
tubes are smaller and more horizontal than in adults
Streptococcus pneumoniae, gram stain, capsules
what’s the most common cause of pnenomnia in adults, hemolysis, and immune system avoidance
flus and common cold
bortatellus protusses, gram negative rod
whooping cough, gram stain
T cells
activate B cells
B cells
produce antibodies
