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Bio diversity > Exam 5 Review > Flashcards

Exam 5 Review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Four Stages of Transcription

A
  1. Binding: RN A polymerase binds to a promoter sequence
  2. Initiation: RN A polymerase then initiates synthesis of RNA using one DNA strand as a template
  3. Elongation: RNA polymerase moves along the DN A template
  4. Termination: RNA polymerase dissociates from the DNA template.
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2
Q

Messenger (mRNA)

A

provides information for production of protein

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3
Q

Ribosomal (rRNA involved in translation)

A

Major components of ribosomes; guide and catalyze assembly of polypeptides from mRNA during translation

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4
Q

Transfer (tRNA involved in translation)

A

Bring the correct amino acid to mRNA during translation

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5
Q

Small nuclear RNA s (snRNAs involved in RNA processing)

A

Form components of the spliceosome; involved in
splicing of eukaryotic RNA s

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6
Q

Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs involved in RNA Processing)

A

Process rRNAs in nucleolus

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7
Q

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs involved in regulation of gene expression and other events)

A

Some regulate chromatin; others may regulate transcription or RNA processing

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8
Q

Micro RNA s (miRNAs involved in regulation of gene expression and other events)

A

Regulate stability and translation of mRNAs

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9
Q

Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs involved in regulation of gene expression and other events)

A

Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs)* Inhibit production of viruses; suppress spread of
transposable elements in plants

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10
Q

Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs involved in regulation of gene expression and other events)

A

Suppress spread of transposable elements in germ cells in animals

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11
Q

RNA polymerase I
1.location
2.main products

A
  1. Nucleolus
  2. precursor for 28s rRNA, 18s rRNA, and 5.8s rRNA
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12
Q

RNA polymerase II
1. Location
2. main products

A
  1. Nucleoplasm
  2. Pre mRNAs, most SnRNAs, and micro RNA
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13
Q

RNA polymerase III
1.location
2.main products

A
  1. Nucleoplasm
  2. pre tRNAs, 5 srRNA, and other small RNAs
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14
Q

Mitochondria
1.location
2.main products

A
  1. Mitochondria
  2. Mitochondrial RNA
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15
Q

Chloroplast
1.location
2.main products

A
  1. Chloroplast
  2. chloroplast RNA
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16
Q

The Events of Processing the
Pre-tRNA (4 steps)

A
  1. At the 5′ end, a short leader sequence (16 nucleotides) is removed.
  2. At the 3′ end, the two terminal nucleotides are removed and replaced with CCA.
  3. About 10–15% of the nucleotides are chemically modified
  4. An internal 14-nucleotide sequence is removed (an RNA intron), though only for a few tRNA s
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17
Q

Beadle and Tatum

A

detected link b/w gene mutations and proteins

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18
Q

Linus Pauling

A

hemoglobin of sickle cells migrates differently from normal hemoglobin

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19
Q

Vernon Ingram

A

One gene- One polypeptide

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20
Q

Polypeptide theory

A

nucleotide sequence of a gene determines amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain

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21
Q

4 Ribosome Sites Appropriate for protein synthesis

A
  1. mRNA binding site
  2. A (aminoacyl) binding site: binds tRNA with attached amino acid
  3. P (peptidyl) binding site: where tRNA carrying growing peptide resides
  4. E (exit) site: where tRNAs leave the ribosome discharging their amino acid
22
Q

Aminoacyl tRNA synthesis (4 steps)

A
  1. amino acid and ATP enter the active site
  2. AMP is joined to amino acid, accompanied by release and breakdown of pyrophosphate
  3. AMP is displaced by tRNA creating an aminoacyl tRNA
  4. aminoacyl tRNA is released from enzyme
23
Q

Mechanisms of translation (3 Steps)

A
  1. initiation: mRNA is bound to the ribosome and positioned for translation
  2. Elongation: amino acids are sequentially joined via peptide bonds
  3. termination: mRNA and the polypeptide are
    released from the ribosome
24
Q

Eukaryotic Initiation (6 steps)

A
  1. eI F2 (with GTP attached) binds to the initiator tRNA^Met before the tRNA
  2. mRNA is readied to bind the 43S preinitiation complex
  3. The two complexes join because of interactions between eI F4G and eI F3 and between the small ribosomal subunit and mRNA
  4. eI F2 hydrolyzes associated GTP, allowing several eI Fs to leave
  5. After binding to mRNA, the small ribosomal subunit (with tRNA^Met) scans along the mRNA and begins translation at the first AUG
  6. after the initiator t RN A becomes paired with the start codon, the large ribosomal subunit joins the complex
25
Q

Steps of Elongation ( 3 Steps)

A
  1. Binding of aminoacyl t RN A to the ribosome brings a new amino acid into position to be joined to the peptide chain
  2. Peptide bond formation links this amino acid to the growing polypeptide
  3. The mRNA is advanced three nucleotides through translocation to bring the next codon into position for translation
26
Q

M phase

A

When the cell actually divides (mitosis and cytokinesis occur during the M phase)

27
Q

Nuclear division is

A

Mitosis

28
Q

Division of the cytoplasm is

A

Cytokinesis

29
Q

DNA is replicated during which phase

A

S phase (before mitosis)

30
Q

Interphase consists of which phases

A

G1 phase, S phase, G2, phase

31
Q

5 stages of mitosis

A

Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

32
Q

individual chromosomes become visible in what stage

A

prophase

33
Q

Centrosomes

A

multiprotein complex that function as microtubule-organizing centers (MTOC)

34
Q

Centrioles

A

microtubule-containing structures within centrosomes

35
Q

Prometaphase

A

centrosomes complete movement to opposite sides of nucleus

36
Q

Metaphase

A

Fully condensed chromosomes aligned at metaphase plate

37
Q

inner kinetochore

A

contains proteins that bind to centromeric DNA

38
Q

outer kinetochore

A

contains proteins that attach to plus ends of microtubules

39
Q

The two types of microtubules

A

Polar microtubules: interact with microtubules from opposite pole of cell

Astral microtubules: shorter and form asters at each pole

40
Q

Shortest phase of mitosis

A

Anaphase

41
Q

Anaphase A

A

chromosomes pulled toward spindle poles as kinetochore MTs get shorter

42
Q

Anaphase B

A

spindle poles themselves move away from each other as MTs lengthen

43
Q

Telophase

A

daughter chromosomes arrive at the poles of the spindle.

  • Chromosomes uncoil into interphase chromatin.
  • The mitotic spindle disassembles.
  • nuclear envelopes form around each group of
    chromosomes.
  • During this period, cytokinesis (generally) also takes
    place.
44
Q

Cleavage

A

cytoplasmic division that can deepen into cleavage furrow

45
Q

Contractile rings

A

bundle of actin filaments that cleavage depends on

46
Q

Midbody

A

electron-dense material with tightly packed microtubules (remnants from the spindle)

47
Q

The 3 steps of apoptosis

A
  1. The cell’s DNA segregates near the periphery of the
    nucleus, and the cytoplasm decreases.
  2. The cell produces small cytoplasmic extensions, and the
    nucleus begins to fragment.
  3. The cell is dismantled into small pieces called apoptotic
    bodies.
48
Q

Robert Horvitz

A

studied cell death in C. elegans

49
Q

Caspases

A

Apoptosis proceeds through the activation of a series of
enzymes called caspases.

50
Q

Pro-apoptotic protein (BAD)

A

Bcl-2-associated
death promoter

Bio diversity (4 decks)

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