Bio diversity test 2 (pt. 2) Flashcards
1
Q
gives rise to secondary phloem and xylem
A
vascular cambium
2
Q
gives rise to corks
A
cork cambium
3
Q
apical meristem results in _______ growth
A
primary
4
Q
lateral meristem results in ________ growth
A
secondary
5
Q
What is the increase in the number, size, and, volume of cells?
A
Growth
6
Q
The emergence of morphologically different body parts is called ________
A
developement
7
Q
secondary xylem and phloem only happen in _____
A
wood
8
Q
- Primary growth is growth in _______
- Secondary growth is growth in_______
A
- length
- width
9
Q
Lateral meristems form only after ___________ is complete. The cells they produce grow in _________ but not ___________
A
elongation, diameter, length
10
Q
soft woods
A
gymnosperms (no vessel elements but trachaeids)
11
Q
- above ground growth and developement is the ________
- below ground growth and development is the ________
A
- shoot
- root
12
Q
hard woods
A
angiosperms (vessel elements)
13
Q
Shoot organization is made up of 1. _________ and 2. __________
A
- nodes
- internodes
14
Q
In growth rings the oldest rings are closer to the ________ and the youngest rings are closer to the ________
A
outside, inside
15
Q
Define photoperiodism
A
response to varying length of light and dark
16
Q
heartwood provides _________ and produces ______ for protection
A
structure, chemicals (non-conducting xylem)
17
Q
sapwood transports ________ and mineral nutrients
A
water (conducting xylem)
18
Q
the science that uses tree rings dated to their exact year of formation to analyze temporal and spatial patterns of processes in the physical cultural sciences
A
dendrochronology
19
Q
__________ correlates with seasonal variation of light intensity
A
temperature
20
Q
- High light intensity creates ______
- Low temp injury is associated with_________
A
- heat
- frost
21
Q
dendrochronology is used to study
A
climate, fires, insect outbreaks, landslides, hurricanes, icestorms, etc.
22
Q
Changes in light / temperature can cause ___________ to changes
A
acclimatization
23
Q
ethylene and auxin
A
both growth hormone in plants
24
Q
Give an example of acclimatization.
A
wrapping plants in blanket on first cold day
25
Most growing plants contain about _______% water
90%
26
What is the total loss of water from soil?
evapotranspiration
27
tree rings are _______ xylem
secondary
28
__________ act as snorkels and are helpful for waterlogged soils
pneumatophores
29
3 factors in tree ring width
1. age
2. climate
3. disturbance
30
Oxygen for respiration is limited in what?
waterlogged soils
31
cork and secondary phloem are not ______ _____
true wood
32
ALL secondary xylem is ______
wood
33
raised pores in the stem of a woody plant that allow gas exchange
lenticels
34
a physiological aging process in which tissues in an organisms deteriorate and finally die
Senescence
35
Why is growth restricted to meristems in roots and stems in plants?
because of plant cell walls
36
the two roles of secondary xylem in secondary growth
1. provide the tree with strength and stability
2. transport water and nutrients from the roots to the leaves
37
soft woods
gymnosperms (no vessel elements but tracheids)
38
tracheids are more ___________ than vessel elements
plesiomorphic
39
narrow cells with extremely thick walls and almost no lumen that function in support
fibers
40
vessel elements
wide cells that function in water transport
41
Shoot Apical Meristem, Leaf primordia, protoderm, procambium, ground meristem, Bud meristem
1. Embryonic leaves: _________
2. become new stem buds: __________
3. becomes food storage and support cells: ____________
4. germ cell becomes the epidermis: ___________
5. Zone of mitosis that produces vertical growth of the shoot of the plant: ___________
6. germ cells that give rise to primary xylem and primary phloem (protective outer covering of plant): ___________
1. leaf primordia
2. bud meristem
3. ground meristem
4. protoderm
5. shoot apical meristem
6. procambium
42
The four regions of roots
1. root cap
2. region/zone of cell division
3. region/zone of cell elongation
4. region/zone of cell maturation
43
dead cells that provide protection to apical meristem (where mitosis occurs)
root cap
44
In the elongation zone, cell increase in volume by ___________________________
storing water and/or solutes
45
region/zone of cell division is located in the
apical meristem
46
_______________ _________ can become either branches or flowers
axillary buds
47
region/zone of cell elongation
protoderm, procambium
48
Leaf arrangements
1. leaves are on opposite sides of stem
2. leaves alternate sides of stem
3. leaves are in a spiral
1. opposite
2. alternate
3. whorled
49
the three developmental areas in region of cell division
1. protoderm (produces epidermis)
2. ground meristem (produces parenchyma)
3. procambium (produces primary xylem and primary phloem)
50
True or False
Leaves only perform photosynthesis
False, leaves can be used to climb, attract pollinators, protect meristem, or catch food
51
In ____________ ______________ lateral meristems make it possible for plant's diameter to increase
secondary growth
52
usually associated with the root hair zone
region of maturation/ zone of differentiation
53
single layer of cells inside endodermis that produces new root apical meristem
pericycle
54
3 functions of roots
1. provide support
2. store food
3. provide access to air
ex: pneumatophores, prop roots, storage roots, strangling roots
55
Plant hormones control every aspect of:
1. _________ _________ _____ ____________
2. ___________ ____________
3. ___________________
4. _______________ ____ _______
1. plant growth and development
2. affect division
3. elongation
4. differentiation of cells
56
size of root and stem
roots: thinner
stems: thicker
57
protection to meristem in roots and stems
roots: root cap
stems: none
58
lateral organs produced in roots and stems
roots: none (just lateral roots)
stems: leaves
59
1. Positive feedback is when growth is _____________________________
2. Negative feedback is when growth is ______________________________
1. towards a stimulus
2. away from a stimulus
60
primary growth (auxin)
roots: yes
stems: yes
61
What is the growth hormone called in plants?
auxin
62
Growth in response to gravity is called ____________
gravitropism
63
secondary growth (vascular cambium and cork cambium)
roots: yes
stems: yes
(not in monocots but in gymnosperms and dicots)
64
1. ___________ are negatively gravitropic while 2. ___________ are positively gravitropic
1. shoots
2. roots
65
branching in roots in stems
roots: extensive
stems: varies
66
phototropism is growth in response to _______
light
67
individual plants have a limited amount of resources to spend on growth, reproduction, and survival (maintenance)
principle of allocation
68
Does cell elongation occur on the side of plant expose or not exposed to light?
On the side of the plant not exposed to light
69
1. ________ are positively phototropic while 2. ________ are negatiely phototropic.
1. shoots
2. roots
70
successful strategies for principle of allocation
1. remains small and allocate carbohydrates and nutrients to reproduction
2. grow slowly and allocate resources to maximize resistance to herbivores
71
True or False
Higher concentrations of auxin are on the shaded side of the plant?
True
72
plants can allocate resources to? (3)
1. growth
2. reproduction
3. maintenance (defense, structural support, storage)
73
Is there be higher or lower levels of auxin on the illuminated side of the plant?
Lower levels of auxin
74
monophagus herbivores
usually insects (not all) feed on one plant species (insects - leaf hoppers, red flour beetle, indian meal moth, maize weavel, koalas)
75
monophagus herbivores
feed on one plant species (insects - leaf hoppers, red flour beetle, indian meal moth, maize weavel, koalas)
76
polyphagous herbivores
mainly mammals , feed on many different host (cow, goats, humans, white-tailed deer)
77
Because 1. _________ stimulates cell expansion in stems, the 2. _________ grows faster on the 3. ________ side than it does on the 4. ________ side, causing the plant to bend toward the 5. __________
1. auxin
2. shoot
3. shaded
4. illuminated
5. light
78
auxin is produced in the 1. ___________ & 2. ____________
1. apical meristem
2. young leaves
79
Auxin is transported ________ a plant to stimulate further growth
down
80
reactions take place in the presence of light
light reactions
81
1. When shoot apical meristem is intact growth of axillary buds is __________
2. When removed, axillary buds ________
1. suppressed
2. grow
82
reactions do not require light (or dark)
calvin cycle/ dark reactions
83
Sustains seed dormancy; stimulates root elongation; triggers closing of stomata
Abscisic Acid (ABA)
84
True or False
Abscisic Acid (ABA) is common in fruits to prevent seeds from germinating when environmental conditions aren't good.
True
85
What inhibits root & stem elongation and triggers fruit ripening & abscission of leaves?
ethylene
86
True or False
Calvin cycles/ Dark reactions do not require light (or dark)
True
87
carbon
88
True or False
C3 plants do not photosynthesize well in hot temps
True
89
The calvin cycle occurs in the bundle sheath cells in _____ plants and in the mesophyll for _____ plants
1. C4
2. C3
90
stoma are 1. _______ at night and 2. _______ during the day
1. open
2. closed
91
1. ________ only enters at night
2. __________ _______ occurs in the day
1. carbon
2. calvin cycle
92
In CAM the calvin cycle occurs in _____________
mesophyll
93
1. _________ is 3 carbon intermediary
2. _________ is 4 carbon intermediary
1. C3
2. C4
94
What are the results from photosynthesis?
sugar or carbs
95
defenses reduce _____ _____ and __________ output rates
growth rates, reproductive
96
defenses are allocated to the most valuable _________ at risk
tissues
97
when are defenses reduced and increased
reduced when herbivores are present; increased in response to attack
98
The 3 plant defenses
mechanical
chemical
ecological
99
structural modifications
mechanical defense
100
secondary compounds produced by plant metabolism
chemical defense
101
symbiotic relationships, predator, satiation, mimicry
ecological defenses
102
tissue hardness
as leaves get older, tissue begins to harden due to epidermis, reducing ability of insects to food (ex: holly)
103
sticky product in plants that often contains insecticidal chemicals (ex: milkweeds)
latex
104
mimicry
monarchs and viceroys look very similar, bluejays avoid both because it makes them when sick due to the latex consumed by the monarchs and the viceroys look alike
105
waxes/resin
sticky materials that may contribute to defense
106
do not play a role in photosynthesis, growth, or respiration, protect primary metabolism by deterring herbivores, reduce tissue loss, attract pollinators, etc.
Plant secondary metabolites
107
Plant secondary metabolites, chemical defenses examples
menthol, taxol, salicylic acid (aspirin), nicotine, caffeine, morphine, etc.
108
constitutive defense
maintained at biologically active levels (round the clock protection) always present. ex: lignans and tannins
109
inducible defense
maintained at low levels but can be mass produced in short time. synthesized in response to challenge. (ex: alkaloids)
110
both constitutive and inducible defense is used by ______ _______
coyote tobacco plant, produces volatile signals (inducible) instead of more nicotine (constitutive) to attract other insects will attack eggs and larvae of tobacco hornworn caterpillar
111
1. secrete chemicals to block seed germination
2. strategy minimizes competition for resources
ex: black walnut tree, creosote
allelopathic plants
112
involves species that receive food or shelter in return for providing protection (ex: ants and bullshorn acacia tree)
defensive mutualism
113
Ant benefits in defensive mutualism with acacia (3)
1. thorns provide living spaces
2. foliar nectaries ptovide sugar
3. beltian bodies are a source of oils and protein
114
example of grass adaptation to herbivory
location of the apical meristem is hidden below foliage so the grass can still grow if eaten or cut by lawn mower
115
________ oriented leaves grow from stems with limited internodal elongation
vertically
116
grasses have persistent zones of ____ ________ and elongation at base of each leaf
cell division
117
the apical meristem of grass emerges above the leaves only when?
flowering stalks are produced
