Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio diversity > Bio diversity test 2 (pt. 2) > Flashcards

Bio diversity test 2 (pt. 2) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

gives rise to secondary phloem and xylem

A

vascular cambium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

gives rise to corks

A

cork cambium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

apical meristem results in _______ growth

A

primary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

lateral meristem results in ________ growth

A

secondary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the increase in the number, size, and, volume of cells?

A

Growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The emergence of morphologically different body parts is called ________

A

developement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

secondary xylem and phloem only happen in _____

A

wood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q
  1. Primary growth is growth in _______
  2. Secondary growth is growth in_______
A
  1. length
  2. width
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Lateral meristems form only after ___________ is complete. The cells they produce grow in _________ but not ___________

A

elongation, diameter, length

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

soft woods

A

gymnosperms (no vessel elements but trachaeids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q
  1. above ground growth and developement is the ________
  2. below ground growth and development is the ________
A
  1. shoot
  2. root
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

hard woods

A

angiosperms (vessel elements)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Shoot organization is made up of 1. _________ and 2. __________

A
  1. nodes
  2. internodes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In growth rings the oldest rings are closer to the ________ and the youngest rings are closer to the ________

A

outside, inside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define photoperiodism

A

response to varying length of light and dark

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

heartwood provides _________ and produces ______ for protection

A

structure, chemicals (non-conducting xylem)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

sapwood transports ________ and mineral nutrients

A

water (conducting xylem)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

the science that uses tree rings dated to their exact year of formation to analyze temporal and spatial patterns of processes in the physical cultural sciences

A

dendrochronology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

__________ correlates with seasonal variation of light intensity

A

temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q
  1. High light intensity creates ______
  2. Low temp injury is associated with_________
A
  1. heat
  2. frost
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

dendrochronology is used to study

A

climate, fires, insect outbreaks, landslides, hurricanes, icestorms, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Changes in light / temperature can cause ___________ to changes

A

acclimatization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

ethylene and auxin

A

both growth hormone in plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Give an example of acclimatization.

A

wrapping plants in blanket on first cold day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Most growing plants contain about _______% water

A

90%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the total loss of water from soil?

A

evapotranspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

tree rings are _______ xylem

A

secondary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

__________ act as snorkels and are helpful for waterlogged soils

A

pneumatophores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

3 factors in tree ring width

A
  1. age
  2. climate
  3. disturbance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Oxygen for respiration is limited in what?

A

waterlogged soils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

cork and secondary phloem are not ______ _____

A

true wood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

ALL secondary xylem is ______

A

wood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

raised pores in the stem of a woody plant that allow gas exchange

A

lenticels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

a physiological aging process in which tissues in an organisms deteriorate and finally die

A

Senescence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Why is growth restricted to meristems in roots and stems in plants?

A

because of plant cell walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

the two roles of secondary xylem in secondary growth

A
  1. provide the tree with strength and stability
  2. transport water and nutrients from the roots to the leaves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

soft woods

A

gymnosperms (no vessel elements but tracheids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

tracheids are more ___________ than vessel elements

A

plesiomorphic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

narrow cells with extremely thick walls and almost no lumen that function in support

A

fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

vessel elements

A

wide cells that function in water transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Shoot Apical Meristem, Leaf primordia, protoderm, procambium, ground meristem, Bud meristem

  1. Embryonic leaves: _________
  2. become new stem buds: __________
  3. becomes food storage and support cells: ____________
  4. germ cell becomes the epidermis: ___________
  5. Zone of mitosis that produces vertical growth of the shoot of the plant: ___________
  6. germ cells that give rise to primary xylem and primary phloem (protective outer covering of plant): ___________
A
  1. leaf primordia
  2. bud meristem
  3. ground meristem
  4. protoderm
  5. shoot apical meristem
  6. procambium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

The four regions of roots

A
  1. root cap
  2. region/zone of cell division
  3. region/zone of cell elongation
  4. region/zone of cell maturation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

dead cells that provide protection to apical meristem (where mitosis occurs)

A

root cap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

In the elongation zone, cell increase in volume by ___________________________

A

storing water and/or solutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

region/zone of cell division is located in the

A

apical meristem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

_______________ _________ can become either branches or flowers

A

axillary buds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

region/zone of cell elongation

A

protoderm, procambium

48
Q

Leaf arrangements

  1. leaves are on opposite sides of stem
  2. leaves alternate sides of stem
  3. leaves are in a spiral
A
  1. opposite
  2. alternate
  3. whorled
49
Q

the three developmental areas in region of cell division

A
  1. protoderm (produces epidermis)
  2. ground meristem (produces parenchyma)
  3. procambium (produces primary xylem and primary phloem)
50
Q

True or False
Leaves only perform photosynthesis

A

False, leaves can be used to climb, attract pollinators, protect meristem, or catch food

51
Q

In ____________ ______________ lateral meristems make it possible for plant’s diameter to increase

A

secondary growth

52
Q

usually associated with the root hair zone

A

region of maturation/ zone of differentiation

53
Q

single layer of cells inside endodermis that produces new root apical meristem

A

pericycle

54
Q

3 functions of roots

A
  1. provide support
  2. store food
  3. provide access to air

ex: pneumatophores, prop roots, storage roots, strangling roots

55
Q

Plant hormones control every aspect of:
1. _________ _________ _____ ____________
2. ___________ ____________
3. ___________________
4. _______________ ____ _______

A
  1. plant growth and development
  2. affect division
  3. elongation
  4. differentiation of cells
56
Q

size of root and stem

A

roots: thinner
stems: thicker

57
Q

protection to meristem in roots and stems

A

roots: root cap
stems: none

58
Q

lateral organs produced in roots and stems

A

roots: none (just lateral roots)
stems: leaves

59
Q
  1. Positive feedback is when growth is _____________________________
  2. Negative feedback is when growth is ______________________________
A
  1. towards a stimulus
  2. away from a stimulus
60
Q

primary growth (auxin)

A

roots: yes
stems: yes

61
Q

What is the growth hormone called in plants?

A

auxin

62
Q

Growth in response to gravity is called ____________

A

gravitropism

63
Q

secondary growth (vascular cambium and cork cambium)

A

roots: yes
stems: yes
(not in monocots but in gymnosperms and dicots)

64
Q
  1. ___________ are negatively gravitropic while 2. ___________ are positively gravitropic
A
  1. shoots
  2. roots
65
Q

branching in roots in stems

A

roots: extensive
stems: varies

66
Q

phototropism is growth in response to _______

A

light

67
Q

individual plants have a limited amount of resources to spend on growth, reproduction, and survival (maintenance)

A

principle of allocation

68
Q

Does cell elongation occur on the side of plant expose or not exposed to light?

A

On the side of the plant not exposed to light

69
Q
  1. ________ are positively phototropic while 2. ________ are negatiely phototropic.
A
  1. shoots
  2. roots
70
Q

successful strategies for principle of allocation

A
  1. remains small and allocate carbohydrates and nutrients to reproduction
  2. grow slowly and allocate resources to maximize resistance to herbivores
71
Q

True or False
Higher concentrations of auxin are on the shaded side of the plant?

A

True

72
Q

plants can allocate resources to? (3)

A
  1. growth
  2. reproduction
  3. maintenance (defense, structural support, storage)
73
Q

Is there be higher or lower levels of auxin on the illuminated side of the plant?

A

Lower levels of auxin

74
Q

monophagus herbivores

A

usually insects (not all) feed on one plant species (insects - leaf hoppers, red flour beetle, indian meal moth, maize weavel, koalas)

75
Q

monophagus herbivores

A

feed on one plant species (insects - leaf hoppers, red flour beetle, indian meal moth, maize weavel, koalas)

76
Q

polyphagous herbivores

A

mainly mammals , feed on many different host (cow, goats, humans, white-tailed deer)

77
Q

Because 1. _________ stimulates cell expansion in stems, the 2. _________ grows faster on the 3. ________ side than it does on the 4. ________ side, causing the plant to bend toward the 5. __________

A
  1. auxin
  2. shoot
  3. shaded
  4. illuminated
  5. light
78
Q

auxin is produced in the 1. ___________ & 2. ____________

A
  1. apical meristem
  2. young leaves
79
Q

Auxin is transported ________ a plant to stimulate further growth

A

down

80
Q

reactions take place in the presence of light

A

light reactions

81
Q
  1. When shoot apical meristem is intact growth of axillary buds is __________
  2. When removed, axillary buds ________
A
  1. suppressed
  2. grow
82
Q

reactions do not require light (or dark)

A

calvin cycle/ dark reactions

83
Q

Sustains seed dormancy; stimulates root elongation; triggers closing of stomata

A

Abscisic Acid (ABA)

84
Q

True or False
Abscisic Acid (ABA) is common in fruits to prevent seeds from germinating when environmental conditions aren’t good.

A

True

85
Q

What inhibits root & stem elongation and triggers fruit ripening & abscission of leaves?

A

ethylene

86
Q

True or False
Calvin cycles/ Dark reactions do not require light (or dark)

A

True

87
Q

carbon

A
88
Q

True or False
C3 plants do not photosynthesize well in hot temps

A

True

89
Q

The calvin cycle occurs in the bundle sheath cells in _____ plants and in the mesophyll for _____ plants

A
  1. C4
  2. C3
90
Q

stoma are 1. _______ at night and 2. _______ during the day

A
  1. open
  2. closed
91
Q
  1. ________ only enters at night
  2. __________ _______ occurs in the day
A
  1. carbon
  2. calvin cycle
92
Q

In CAM the calvin cycle occurs in _____________

A

mesophyll

93
Q
  1. _________ is 3 carbon intermediary
  2. _________ is 4 carbon intermediary
A
  1. C3
  2. C4
94
Q

What are the results from photosynthesis?

A

sugar or carbs

95
Q

defenses reduce _____ _____ and __________ output rates

A

growth rates, reproductive

96
Q

defenses are allocated to the most valuable _________ at risk

A

tissues

97
Q

when are defenses reduced and increased

A

reduced when herbivores are present; increased in response to attack

98
Q

The 3 plant defenses

A

mechanical
chemical
ecological

99
Q

structural modifications

A

mechanical defense

100
Q

secondary compounds produced by plant metabolism

A

chemical defense

101
Q

symbiotic relationships, predator, satiation, mimicry

A

ecological defenses

102
Q

tissue hardness

A

as leaves get older, tissue begins to harden due to epidermis, reducing ability of insects to food (ex: holly)

103
Q

sticky product in plants that often contains insecticidal chemicals (ex: milkweeds)

A

latex

104
Q

mimicry

A

monarchs and viceroys look very similar, bluejays avoid both because it makes them when sick due to the latex consumed by the monarchs and the viceroys look alike

105
Q

waxes/resin

A

sticky materials that may contribute to defense

106
Q

do not play a role in photosynthesis, growth, or respiration, protect primary metabolism by deterring herbivores, reduce tissue loss, attract pollinators, etc.

A

Plant secondary metabolites

107
Q

Plant secondary metabolites, chemical defenses examples

A

menthol, taxol, salicylic acid (aspirin), nicotine, caffeine, morphine, etc.

108
Q

constitutive defense

A

maintained at biologically active levels (round the clock protection) always present. ex: lignans and tannins

109
Q

inducible defense

A

maintained at low levels but can be mass produced in short time. synthesized in response to challenge. (ex: alkaloids)

110
Q

both constitutive and inducible defense is used by ______ _______

A

coyote tobacco plant, produces volatile signals (inducible) instead of more nicotine (constitutive) to attract other insects will attack eggs and larvae of tobacco hornworn caterpillar

111
Q
  1. secrete chemicals to block seed germination
  2. strategy minimizes competition for resources
    ex: black walnut tree, creosote
A

allelopathic plants

112
Q

involves species that receive food or shelter in return for providing protection (ex: ants and bullshorn acacia tree)

A

defensive mutualism

113
Q

Ant benefits in defensive mutualism with acacia (3)

A
  1. thorns provide living spaces
  2. foliar nectaries ptovide sugar
  3. beltian bodies are a source of oils and protein
114
Q

example of grass adaptation to herbivory

A

location of the apical meristem is hidden below foliage so the grass can still grow if eaten or cut by lawn mower

115
Q

________ oriented leaves grow from stems with limited internodal elongation

A

vertically

116
Q

grasses have persistent zones of ____ ________ and elongation at base of each leaf

A

cell division

117
Q

the apical meristem of grass emerges above the leaves only when?

A

flowering stalks are produced

Bio diversity (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions