Bio Diversity Test 2 Flashcards
1
Q
4 characteristics of ferns and horsetails
A
- Vascular tissue for conducting water (xylem) and carbohydrates (phloem)
- water is necessary for reproduction
- produce spores as reproductive output (haploid spores)
- leaves are multi-veined
2
Q
Much greater independence and dominance of the fern’s __________
A
sporphyte
3
Q
____________ lacks vascular tissue
A
gametophyte
4
Q
both gametophyte and sporophyte can __________ in ferns
A
photosynthesize
5
Q
gametophyte of a fern looks like a __________
A
heart (prothallus)
6
Q
sporophyte grows from the ___________
A
gametophyte
7
Q
how does sperm travel to fertilize an egg?
A
water drops in the gametophyte and travels to the sporophyte
8
Q
what disperses away from parents?
A
spores
9
Q
zygote
A
2n, produces sporophyte via meiosis
10
Q
sporangium
A
2n, produces spores via meiosis (only place meiosis occurs)
11
Q
spores
A
n, produce male OR female gametophytes via mitosis
12
Q
sporopollenin
A
protective coating on spore
13
Q
gametangium
A
gamete (egg or sperm) producing structures on gametophyte
14
Q
archegonium
A
female
15
Q
antheridium
A
male
16
Q
egg and sperm produced via ______
A
mitosis
17
Q
1.__________ release sperm to fertilize eggs in 2. ___________ ; diploid zygote forms 3. ________________
A
- Antheridia
- archegonia
- sporphyte
18
Q
How many sporophytes are produced per gametophyte?
A
One
19
Q
Ferns have modified stems, ___________, that function like roots in both gametophyte and sporophyte stages.
A
Rhizoids
20
Q
Define Prothallus
A
Primitive leaf-like structure
21
Q
What is the importance of ferns having rhizoids in both the sporophyte and gametophyte stages?
A
They can both create their own energy from the sun and are not dependent on each other.
22
Q
Bryophytes and ferns both have spore dispersal via _____?
A
air/wind
23
Q
The zygote is _______ in both ferns and bryophytes.
A
diploid
24
Q
Bryophytes and ferns both have sperm dispersal via _____?
A
water
25
Which stage is dominant (conspicuous) in ferns?
Sporophyte
26
The ___________ stage is dominant in moss
Gametophyte
27
The gametangium is on the same gametophyte in ________
ferns
28
The gametangium is on different gametophyte in_______
moss
29
What is the importance of rhizoids only being on the gametophyte in moss?
The sporophyte is dependent on the gametophyte b/c the sporophyte cannot absorb water & photosynthesize.
30
Advantages of Gamete and Offspring Dispersal
1. outcrossing/ genetic diversity
2. less competition for resources
3. Pathogen/ parasite avoidance by spreading out population
31
The transitions from water to land required adaptations to avoid __________
desication
32
Guard cells ______ and stoma is ________.
swell, opened
33
Loss of solutes leads to ?
loss of water from guard cells
34
seeds that contain a single (mono-) embryonic leaf known as a cotyledon
Monocot
34
Guard cells ______ and stoma ________
shrink, closes
35
water escaped as water vapor in a plant due to photosynthetic activity
transpiration
36
an angiospermous plant (such as a deciduous tree or broad-leaved herb) having an embryo with two cotyledons
Dicot
36
Co2 concentrations are maintained at _______ concentrations inside the leaf to promote _________ from the air
lower, diffusion
37
What is the function of dermal tissue?
a protective outer covering of the plant
37
water ______ is at a ________ concentration inside the leaf
vapor, higher
38
What is the function of ground tissue?
storage, support, photosynthesis, and secretion
38
What is the function of vascular tissue?
conducting fluids and dissolved substances through the plant body
40
Define Parenchyma
function in storage, photosynthesis, and secretion
Ex: storing starches in plants
42
Define Collenchyma
provide support and protection
43
Define Sclerenchyma
provide support and protection
44
Define palisade mesophyll and their function
two rows of tightly packed cells in a leaf
-photosynthesis
45
Define spongy mesophyll and their function
loosely arranged cells with many air spaces in between, in a leaf
- gas exchange and water vapor exit
46
node
point of attachment of leaf to stem
47
area of stem between two nodes
internode
48
flattened part of leaf
blade
49
petiole
stalk of leaf
50
develops into branches with leaves or may form flowers
axillary bud
51
terminal (apical) bud
extends the shoot system during the growing season
52
What is the function of leaves?
primary site of photosynthesis & greatest site of transpiration; site for gas exchange
52
temporary storage; support tissue to hold up plant
cortex
53
bundle of cells including primary xylem & primary phloem
vascular bundle
54
epidermis
outer layer of cells, protection
55
transport of sugars & nutrients up or down the stem
primary phloem
56
phloem fibers
mechanical support of stem; protection of phloem
57
What is the function of stems?
supports vertical growth & tissues transport water and nutrients
58
transport of water & mineral ions up the stem
primary xylem
59
What is the function of roots?
primary site of water uptake; supports vertical growth; storage of carbohydrates
60
horizontal stems that grow under soil surface, often have adventitious roots that grow from stem
rhizomes
61
Gas exchange in leaves:
Co2 uptake, O2 emission
62
stems that grow along the surface of the soil
runner/stolon
63
underground carbohydrate storage, potato
tubers
64
Define the 3 major tissues of leaves
1. Epidermis: sheets of cell that line upper and lower surfaces
2. Mesophyll: loosely packed photosynthetic cells (can also store)
3. Vein: the system of vascular conduits that connects the leaf to the rest of the plant
65
composed of stem tissue enlarged buds with stem at bottom with adventitious roots
bulbs/corms
66
Tiny pores in the leaf called 1. _________ facilitate 2._________ of water
1. stomata
2. transpiration
67
Do leaf stomata remain open or closed during the day?
open
68
At night, what closes the pores to prevent unnecessary water loss?
guard cells
69
What are some triggers for stomata opening/closing?
1. changes in light availability
2. Co2 concentrations inside leaf
3. water status
- wiliting leads to stomata closing
70
Accumulation of solutes leads to_______________________________.
movement of water into guard cells
71
Flattened stems are defined as
cladophylls
72
Phloem primarily transports________
sugar
73
Phloem contains 1.____________ that transport 2.__________ from where they are made or stored to other parts of the plants.
1. living cells
2. sugars
74
5 Major events in the evolution of plants highlight adaptations for dry land.
1. evolution of waxy outer layer
2. evolution of spores
3. evolution of vascular tissue
4. evolution of seeds and pollen
5. evolution of fruit and flowers
75
In what direction does phloem sap flow?
From sugar source to a sugar sink
76
one factor that unifies bryophytes, ferns & horsetails, and lycophytes is the need of _______ for reporduction
water
77
Phloem consists of multicellular __________
sieve-tubes
78
gymnosperms and angiosperms DO NOT require _______ for reproduction
water
79
What are the highly modified cells, connected end-to end that sieve tubes are composed of?
sieve elements
80
gymnosperms and angiosperms produce _________ &________ for reproduction (spores are a precursor to seeds)
pollen and seeds
81
gymnosperms (naked seed plants)
1. cycads
2. glinkgos
3. conifers
4. gnetophytes
82
Celullar funtions such as protein synthesis are carried out by an adjacent 1._________ ________, to which the sieve element is connected by numerous 2.___________
1. companion cell
2. plasmodesmata
83
all naked seed plants lack ?
fruits and flowers
84
What does the Xylem primarily transport from roots to leaves?
water and minerals
85
Xylem is made of ______ _______ acting as tiny pipes
dead cells
86
the gametophytes __________ and is completely dependent on ___________ in __________.
reduces, sporophytes, gymnosperms
87
Advantages of gamete and offspring dispersal
1. outcrossing/ genetic diversity
2. less competition for resources between offspring and parents
3. pathogen/parasite avoidance by spreading out the population
88
How is xylem sap moved through the plant body?
via transpiration
89
_______ gametes are never exposed to the environment
male
90
What forms a hollow conduit through which water can flow in xylem anatomy?
Thick walls
91
water enters and exits conduits through _____
pits
92
relationship between sporophyte and gametophyte in gymnosperms is _________
reversed
93
Pits allow passage of 1. ________ but not 2. ________ from one conduit to another
1. water
2. air
94
Megaspore (female)
produces eggs
95
Microspore (male)
produces sperm & pollen cells
96
Tracheids (has holes) are found where?
in the xylem of all vascular plants (plesiomorphic)
97
________ are NOT dispersed in gymnosperms.
spores
98
where do gametophytes develop within?
sporangia
99
________ gametophytes draw resources from ________
female, sporophyte
100
Vessel elemnts (has stripes) are common to most 1. __________ and a few 2. __________
1. angiosperms (apomorphic)
2. gymnosperms
101
the haploid gametophyte is protected by what type of tissue?
sporophyte tissue
102
_____________, __________, & ___________ = ovule and become seed after fertilization
gametophyte, sporangium, protective layers
103
Is plant movement generated by the movement of solutes at sources in the phloem or xylem?
Phloem
104
The movement in the 1. _________ is pushed up or down while the movement in the 2. ________ is only pushed up.
1. phloem
2. xylem
105
male develops through _______ and creates ________
mitosis, pollen
106
4 major steps that distinguish seed plants
1. formation of 2 types of spores (male and female)
2. spores are NOT dispersed
3. pollination
4. maturation of fertilized ovule into a seed
107
Are the phloem and xylem both needed for photosynthesis?
Yes
108
sporophyte is ALWAYS _______ and gametophyte is ALWAYS _______
diploid, hapoid
109
Define Rhizosphere
the soil layer that surrounds actively growing roots
110
gymnosperm seed has ____ layers from three generations
3
111
What are the 3 functions of roots?
1. absorb water and mineral nutrients
2. anchor the plant
3. store carbohydrates
112
What is the first root formed from a seed called?
a radicle
113
What other roots can arise from the radicle?
Taproot and fibrous
114
3 layers of gymnosperm seed
1. outside is the protective seed coat (product of diploid sporophyte)
2. The center is the embryo (developed from zygote and represents next sporophyte generation)
3. embryo is surrounded by the haploid gametophyte
115
life cycle of pine
1. pollination
2. fertilization
3. dispersal
4. germination
116
The 1. _______ is prominent in dicot (primary root), and 2.__________ is prominent in the monocot (similar roots)
1. Taproot (bigger, longer)
2. Fibrous (branched, thinner)
117
conspicuous multicellular generation is the _______ _________
diploid sporophyte
118
What roots arise from the stem of the plant?
adventitious root
119
the two types of cones that pines develop
1. ovule cones (produce eggs and female gametes/gametophytes)
2. pollen cones (produce pollen, sperm, and male gametes/ gametophytes)
120
___________ is the dominant stage
sporophyte
121
What arises from the epidermis and provides increased surfaced area for water/nutrient absorption?
root hairs
122
Define epidermis
outer cell layer
123
both male and female ______ found on ______ sporophyte sometimes
cones, same
124
microsporangium contain
microsporocytes (2n, diploid)
125
microsporocytes via ______ produce _________
microspores (n, haploid)
126
the cortex is composed of what kind of cells?
parenchyma
127
Xylem and phloem are located at the center of the root surrounded by the ___________
endodermis
128
microspores via ________mitosis produce a 2-cell ___________
pollen grain (sperm cell & pollen tube cell) n, haploid
129
define endodermis.
gatekeeper controlling the movement of nutrients INTO the xylem
130
megasporangium contains
megaspores (2n, diploid)
131
megasporocyte via ________ produces 4 __________
megaspores (n, haploid)
132
only _ megaspore is retained; develops into female ________
1, gametophyte (n, haploid)
133
Symbiosis b/w plants and bacteria
1. Root nodules:
2. rhizobium bacteria:
3. Type of relationship:
1. associated w/ rhizobium bacteria and root system of plants
2. via enzymes, converts nitrogen gas to nitrates
3. mutualistic
134
gametophyte produces 2-6 ____________ that each contain an egg
archegonia
135
pollen grains (haploid) travel via ______ to female cones
wind
136
Symbiosis b/w plants and bacteria
1. Mycorrhizae:
2. Symbiosis aids in what?
3. Type of relationship:
1. association b/w plants and fungi
2. phosphorus uptake by plants
3. mutualistic
137
pollen grain develops _______ tube that enters female gametophyte
pollen tube
138
it takes _____ months for fertilization to occur
15
139
sperm and egg (haploid) form a ________ (diploid)
zygote
140
seed forms from ______
embryo
141
3 Benefits of wind dispersed pollen
1. energetically cheap: doesn't require animals to move pollen
2. increases chances of pollination in high density populations
3. increases chances of pollination in plant species that develops
142
3 cost of wind dispersed pollen
1. what if the wind doesn't blow
2. wind direction is random to a plant
3. not effective if living in low density populations
or multispecies communities
143
pollination agents
bess, birds, hawk moths, hummingbirds, etc
144
pollination agents
bees, birds, etc.
145
Gymnosperms and angiosperms produce ______ for reproduction
seeds
146
serotiny
release of seeds due to environmental trigger
1. death of parent - no competition for offspring
2. fire - heat can act as a fertilizer
3. increasing temperature - easy to access resources from warm soil
4. increasing moisture
147
Carpel has which 3 structures?
1. ovary- swollen base containing ovules
2. stigma- tip where pollen lands
3. style- neck or stalk
148
Stamen has which 2 structures?
Anther: houses pollen
Filament: neck or stalk
149
1.Monocot has ______ cotyledon in a seed
2.Dicot has ______ cotyledon in a seed
1. One
2. Two
150
M=Monocot D=Dicot
1._____ the root phloem is in between the arms of xylem
2. _____ root xylem and phloem are in a ring
3._____vascular bundles are scattered in a stem
4. ______ vascular bundles are in a distinct ring
5. ______ leaf veins form a parallel pattern
6.______ leaf veins form a net (webbed) pattern
7. ______Flower parts in fours or fives and their multiples
8.______Flower parts in threes and multiples of three
1.D
2. M
3. M
4.D
5. M
6. D
7. D
8. M
151
___________=consists of flattened sepals
calyx
152
___________= consists of petals
corolla
153
What is the collective terms for stamens?
Androecium
154
What is the collective term for carpel(s)?
Gymnoecium
155
What is the collective term for carpel(s)?
Gynoecium
156
_______________ stage is further reduced
gametophyte
157
The 3 cells of male gametophyte
1. one controls pollen tube
2. other 2 are sperm
(only angiosperms double fertilize diploid
158
female gametophyte has ___ hapolid cells and a ________ cell
6, central
159
female gametophyte has ___ haploid cells and a ________ cell
6, central
160
in female gametophyte one haploid cell becomes the ____
central cell becomes a _________ cell
egg, diploid
161
double fertilization is dominant in ________
angiosperms
162
monoecious
1 flower BOTH carpel and stamen (male and female parts)
163
dioecious
1 flower either carpel or stamen (male or female parts)
164
gametophyte female, ______ sac
male, pollen ______
emrbyo sac, grain
165
What are the 3 cells of the male gametophyte?
1 grows on the pollen tube and the other 2 are sperm
166
Female gametophyte contains 8 nuclei, what are they?
6 haploid cells plus a central cell with 2 nuclei
167
1. Female sporophyte is _________
2. Male sporphyte is _______
1. carpel
2. stamen
168
3 steps for pollination in angiosperms
1. pollen grains land on stigma of female sporophyte
2. Tube cell begins forming pollen tube into style of female sporophyte
3. 2 sperm cells follow pollen tube
169
3 steps for fertilization in angiosperms
1. 2 sperm cells enter ovary
2. 1 sperm cell fuses with egg in ovule
3. 2nd sperm cell fuses with central cell in ovule
170
Describe the 2 steps of double fertilization in angiosperms
1. one sperm unites with the egg, prudcing a diploid zygote (2n)
2. Second sperm fuses with two nuclei in embryo sac to produce triploid endosperm (3n)
171
Food source for embryo
Endosperm
172
3 types of fruit and seed dispersal
1. wind (seed w/ wings)
2. animal (berries, nuts, etc)
3. attachment to fur, clothes, or shoelaces (splinters, spiky things, etc.)
173
What are the advantages of timing flower production?
1. Higher probability of dispersing pollen to distantly spaced plants
2. Higher probability of completing life cycle during growing season
174
Define annual plants and give an example
life cycle occurs in one year
ex: landscaping plants
175
what type of plants complete life cycles in two years?
Biennial plants
176
Define perennial plants and give an example
Repeated life cycle over multiple years
ex: trees
177
What are the styles of seed dormancy?
1. scarification
2. stratification
178
Define scarification and give an example
Hard seed coat that requires weakening before germination
ex: passing through digestive system
179
Define stratification and give an example
exposure to cold for a long period
ex: sequences of freeze and thaw
