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Bio diversity > Bio Diversity Test 2 > Flashcards

Bio Diversity Test 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

4 characteristics of ferns and horsetails

A
  1. Vascular tissue for conducting water (xylem) and carbohydrates (phloem)
  2. water is necessary for reproduction
  3. produce spores as reproductive output (haploid spores)
  4. leaves are multi-veined
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2
Q

Much greater independence and dominance of the fern’s __________

A

sporphyte

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3
Q

____________ lacks vascular tissue

A

gametophyte

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4
Q

both gametophyte and sporophyte can __________ in ferns

A

photosynthesize

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5
Q

gametophyte of a fern looks like a __________

A

heart (prothallus)

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6
Q

sporophyte grows from the ___________

A

gametophyte

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7
Q

how does sperm travel to fertilize an egg?

A

water drops in the gametophyte and travels to the sporophyte

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8
Q

what disperses away from parents?

A

spores

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9
Q

zygote

A

2n, produces sporophyte via meiosis

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10
Q

sporangium

A

2n, produces spores via meiosis (only place meiosis occurs)

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11
Q

spores

A

n, produce male OR female gametophytes via mitosis

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12
Q

sporopollenin

A

protective coating on spore

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13
Q

gametangium

A

gamete (egg or sperm) producing structures on gametophyte

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14
Q

archegonium

A

female

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15
Q

antheridium

A

male

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16
Q

egg and sperm produced via ______

A

mitosis

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17
Q

1.__________ release sperm to fertilize eggs in 2. ___________ ; diploid zygote forms 3. ________________

A
  1. Antheridia
  2. archegonia
  3. sporphyte
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18
Q

How many sporophytes are produced per gametophyte?

A

One

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19
Q

Ferns have modified stems, ___________, that function like roots in both gametophyte and sporophyte stages.

A

Rhizoids

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20
Q

Define Prothallus

A

Primitive leaf-like structure

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21
Q

What is the importance of ferns having rhizoids in both the sporophyte and gametophyte stages?

A

They can both create their own energy from the sun and are not dependent on each other.

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22
Q

Bryophytes and ferns both have spore dispersal via _____?

A

air/wind

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23
Q

The zygote is _______ in both ferns and bryophytes.

A

diploid

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24
Q

Bryophytes and ferns both have sperm dispersal via _____?

A

water

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25
Q

Which stage is dominant (conspicuous) in ferns?

A

Sporophyte

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26
Q

The ___________ stage is dominant in moss

A

Gametophyte

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27
Q

The gametangium is on the same gametophyte in ________

A

ferns

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28
Q

The gametangium is on different gametophyte in_______

A

moss

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29
Q

What is the importance of rhizoids only being on the gametophyte in moss?

A

The sporophyte is dependent on the gametophyte b/c the sporophyte cannot absorb water & photosynthesize.

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30
Q

Advantages of Gamete and Offspring Dispersal

A
  1. outcrossing/ genetic diversity
  2. less competition for resources
  3. Pathogen/ parasite avoidance by spreading out population
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31
Q

The transitions from water to land required adaptations to avoid __________

A

desication

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32
Q

Guard cells ______ and stoma is ________.

A

swell, opened

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33
Q

Loss of solutes leads to ?

A

loss of water from guard cells

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34
Q

seeds that contain a single (mono-) embryonic leaf known as a cotyledon

A

Monocot

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34
Q

Guard cells ______ and stoma ________

A

shrink, closes

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35
Q

water escaped as water vapor in a plant due to photosynthetic activity

A

transpiration

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36
Q

an angiospermous plant (such as a deciduous tree or broad-leaved herb) having an embryo with two cotyledons

A

Dicot

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36
Q

Co2 concentrations are maintained at _______ concentrations inside the leaf to promote _________ from the air

A

lower, diffusion

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37
Q

What is the function of dermal tissue?

A

a protective outer covering of the plant

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37
Q

water ______ is at a ________ concentration inside the leaf

A

vapor, higher

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38
Q

What is the function of ground tissue?

A

storage, support, photosynthesis, and secretion

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38
Q

What is the function of vascular tissue?

A

conducting fluids and dissolved substances through the plant body

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40
Q

Define Parenchyma

A

function in storage, photosynthesis, and secretion
Ex: storing starches in plants

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42
Q

Define Collenchyma

A

provide support and protection

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43
Q

Define Sclerenchyma

A

provide support and protection

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44
Q

Define palisade mesophyll and their function

A

two rows of tightly packed cells in a leaf
-photosynthesis

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45
Q

Define spongy mesophyll and their function

A

loosely arranged cells with many air spaces in between, in a leaf
- gas exchange and water vapor exit

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46
Q

node

A

point of attachment of leaf to stem

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47
Q

area of stem between two nodes

A

internode

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48
Q

flattened part of leaf

A

blade

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49
Q

petiole

A

stalk of leaf

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50
Q

develops into branches with leaves or may form flowers

A

axillary bud

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51
Q

terminal (apical) bud

A

extends the shoot system during the growing season

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52
Q

What is the function of leaves?

A

primary site of photosynthesis & greatest site of transpiration; site for gas exchange

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52
Q

temporary storage; support tissue to hold up plant

A

cortex

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53
Q

bundle of cells including primary xylem & primary phloem

A

vascular bundle

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54
Q

epidermis

A

outer layer of cells, protection

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55
Q

transport of sugars & nutrients up or down the stem

A

primary phloem

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56
Q

phloem fibers

A

mechanical support of stem; protection of phloem

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57
Q

What is the function of stems?

A

supports vertical growth & tissues transport water and nutrients

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58
Q

transport of water & mineral ions up the stem

A

primary xylem

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59
Q

What is the function of roots?

A

primary site of water uptake; supports vertical growth; storage of carbohydrates

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60
Q

horizontal stems that grow under soil surface, often have adventitious roots that grow from stem

A

rhizomes

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61
Q

Gas exchange in leaves:

A

Co2 uptake, O2 emission

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62
Q

stems that grow along the surface of the soil

A

runner/stolon

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63
Q

underground carbohydrate storage, potato

A

tubers

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64
Q

Define the 3 major tissues of leaves

A
  1. Epidermis: sheets of cell that line upper and lower surfaces
  2. Mesophyll: loosely packed photosynthetic cells (can also store)
  3. Vein: the system of vascular conduits that connects the leaf to the rest of the plant
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65
Q

composed of stem tissue enlarged buds with stem at bottom with adventitious roots

A

bulbs/corms

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66
Q

Tiny pores in the leaf called 1. _________ facilitate 2._________ of water

A
  1. stomata
  2. transpiration
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67
Q

Do leaf stomata remain open or closed during the day?

A

open

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68
Q

At night, what closes the pores to prevent unnecessary water loss?

A

guard cells

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69
Q

What are some triggers for stomata opening/closing?

A
  1. changes in light availability
  2. Co2 concentrations inside leaf
  3. water status
    - wiliting leads to stomata closing
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70
Q

Accumulation of solutes leads to_______________________________.

A

movement of water into guard cells

71
Q

Flattened stems are defined as

A

cladophylls

72
Q

Phloem primarily transports________

A

sugar

73
Q

Phloem contains 1.____________ that transport 2.__________ from where they are made or stored to other parts of the plants.

A
  1. living cells
  2. sugars
74
Q

5 Major events in the evolution of plants highlight adaptations for dry land.

A
  1. evolution of waxy outer layer
  2. evolution of spores
  3. evolution of vascular tissue
  4. evolution of seeds and pollen
  5. evolution of fruit and flowers
75
Q

In what direction does phloem sap flow?

A

From sugar source to a sugar sink

76
Q

one factor that unifies bryophytes, ferns & horsetails, and lycophytes is the need of _______ for reporduction

A

water

77
Q

Phloem consists of multicellular __________

A

sieve-tubes

78
Q

gymnosperms and angiosperms DO NOT require _______ for reproduction

A

water

79
Q

What are the highly modified cells, connected end-to end that sieve tubes are composed of?

A

sieve elements

80
Q

gymnosperms and angiosperms produce _________ &________ for reproduction (spores are a precursor to seeds)

A

pollen and seeds

81
Q

gymnosperms (naked seed plants)

A
  1. cycads
  2. glinkgos
  3. conifers
  4. gnetophytes
82
Q

Celullar funtions such as protein synthesis are carried out by an adjacent 1._________ ________, to which the sieve element is connected by numerous 2.___________

A
  1. companion cell
  2. plasmodesmata
83
Q

all naked seed plants lack ?

A

fruits and flowers

84
Q

What does the Xylem primarily transport from roots to leaves?

A

water and minerals

85
Q

Xylem is made of ______ _______ acting as tiny pipes

A

dead cells

86
Q

the gametophytes __________ and is completely dependent on ___________ in __________.

A

reduces, sporophytes, gymnosperms

87
Q

Advantages of gamete and offspring dispersal

A
  1. outcrossing/ genetic diversity
  2. less competition for resources between offspring and parents
  3. pathogen/parasite avoidance by spreading out the population
88
Q

How is xylem sap moved through the plant body?

A

via transpiration

89
Q

_______ gametes are never exposed to the environment

A

male

90
Q

What forms a hollow conduit through which water can flow in xylem anatomy?

A

Thick walls

91
Q

water enters and exits conduits through _____

A

pits

92
Q

relationship between sporophyte and gametophyte in gymnosperms is _________

A

reversed

93
Q

Pits allow passage of 1. ________ but not 2. ________ from one conduit to another

A
  1. water
  2. air
94
Q

Megaspore (female)

A

produces eggs

95
Q

Microspore (male)

A

produces sperm & pollen cells

96
Q

Tracheids (has holes) are found where?

A

in the xylem of all vascular plants (plesiomorphic)

97
Q

________ are NOT dispersed in gymnosperms.

A

spores

98
Q

where do gametophytes develop within?

A

sporangia

99
Q

________ gametophytes draw resources from ________

A

female, sporophyte

100
Q

Vessel elemnts (has stripes) are common to most 1. __________ and a few 2. __________

A
  1. angiosperms (apomorphic)
  2. gymnosperms
101
Q

the haploid gametophyte is protected by what type of tissue?

A

sporophyte tissue

102
Q

_____________, __________, & ___________ = ovule and become seed after fertilization

A

gametophyte, sporangium, protective layers

103
Q

Is plant movement generated by the movement of solutes at sources in the phloem or xylem?

A

Phloem

104
Q

The movement in the 1. _________ is pushed up or down while the movement in the 2. ________ is only pushed up.

A
  1. phloem
  2. xylem
105
Q

male develops through _______ and creates ________

A

mitosis, pollen

106
Q

4 major steps that distinguish seed plants

A
  1. formation of 2 types of spores (male and female)
  2. spores are NOT dispersed
  3. pollination
  4. maturation of fertilized ovule into a seed
107
Q

Are the phloem and xylem both needed for photosynthesis?

A

Yes

108
Q

sporophyte is ALWAYS _______ and gametophyte is ALWAYS _______

A

diploid, hapoid

109
Q

Define Rhizosphere

A

the soil layer that surrounds actively growing roots

110
Q

gymnosperm seed has ____ layers from three generations

A

3

111
Q

What are the 3 functions of roots?

A
  1. absorb water and mineral nutrients
  2. anchor the plant
  3. store carbohydrates
112
Q

What is the first root formed from a seed called?

A

a radicle

113
Q

What other roots can arise from the radicle?

A

Taproot and fibrous

114
Q

3 layers of gymnosperm seed

A
  1. outside is the protective seed coat (product of diploid sporophyte)
  2. The center is the embryo (developed from zygote and represents next sporophyte generation)
  3. embryo is surrounded by the haploid gametophyte
115
Q

life cycle of pine

A
  1. pollination
  2. fertilization
  3. dispersal
  4. germination
116
Q

The 1. _______ is prominent in dicot (primary root), and 2.__________ is prominent in the monocot (similar roots)

A
  1. Taproot (bigger, longer)
  2. Fibrous (branched, thinner)
117
Q

conspicuous multicellular generation is the _______ _________

A

diploid sporophyte

118
Q

What roots arise from the stem of the plant?

A

adventitious root

119
Q

the two types of cones that pines develop

A
  1. ovule cones (produce eggs and female gametes/gametophytes)
  2. pollen cones (produce pollen, sperm, and male gametes/ gametophytes)
120
Q

___________ is the dominant stage

A

sporophyte

121
Q

What arises from the epidermis and provides increased surfaced area for water/nutrient absorption?

A

root hairs

122
Q

Define epidermis

A

outer cell layer

123
Q

both male and female ______ found on ______ sporophyte sometimes

A

cones, same

124
Q

microsporangium contain

A

microsporocytes (2n, diploid)

125
Q

microsporocytes via ______ produce _________

A

microspores (n, haploid)

126
Q

the cortex is composed of what kind of cells?

A

parenchyma

127
Q

Xylem and phloem are located at the center of the root surrounded by the ___________

A

endodermis

128
Q

microspores via ________mitosis produce a 2-cell ___________

A

pollen grain (sperm cell & pollen tube cell) n, haploid

129
Q

define endodermis.

A

gatekeeper controlling the movement of nutrients INTO the xylem

130
Q

megasporangium contains

A

megaspores (2n, diploid)

131
Q

megasporocyte via ________ produces 4 __________

A

megaspores (n, haploid)

132
Q

only _ megaspore is retained; develops into female ________

A

1, gametophyte (n, haploid)

133
Q

Symbiosis b/w plants and bacteria
1. Root nodules:
2. rhizobium bacteria:
3. Type of relationship:

A
  1. associated w/ rhizobium bacteria and root system of plants
  2. via enzymes, converts nitrogen gas to nitrates
  3. mutualistic
134
Q

gametophyte produces 2-6 ____________ that each contain an egg

A

archegonia

135
Q

pollen grains (haploid) travel via ______ to female cones

A

wind

136
Q

Symbiosis b/w plants and bacteria
1. Mycorrhizae:
2. Symbiosis aids in what?
3. Type of relationship:

A
  1. association b/w plants and fungi
  2. phosphorus uptake by plants
  3. mutualistic
137
Q

pollen grain develops _______ tube that enters female gametophyte

A

pollen tube

138
Q

it takes _____ months for fertilization to occur

A

15

139
Q

sperm and egg (haploid) form a ________ (diploid)

A

zygote

140
Q

seed forms from ______

A

embryo

141
Q

3 Benefits of wind dispersed pollen

A
  1. energetically cheap: doesn’t require animals to move pollen
  2. increases chances of pollination in high density populations
  3. increases chances of pollination in plant species that develops
142
Q

3 cost of wind dispersed pollen

A
  1. what if the wind doesn’t blow
  2. wind direction is random to a plant
  3. not effective if living in low density populations
    or multispecies communities
143
Q

pollination agents

A

bess, birds, hawk moths, hummingbirds, etc

144
Q

pollination agents

A

bees, birds, etc.

145
Q

Gymnosperms and angiosperms produce ______ for reproduction

A

seeds

146
Q

serotiny

A

release of seeds due to environmental trigger

  1. death of parent - no competition for offspring
  2. fire - heat can act as a fertilizer
  3. increasing temperature - easy to access resources from warm soil
  4. increasing moisture
147
Q

Carpel has which 3 structures?

A
  1. ovary- swollen base containing ovules
  2. stigma- tip where pollen lands
  3. style- neck or stalk
148
Q

Stamen has which 2 structures?

A

Anther: houses pollen
Filament: neck or stalk

149
Q

1.Monocot has ______ cotyledon in a seed
2.Dicot has ______ cotyledon in a seed

A
  1. One
  2. Two
150
Q

M=Monocot D=Dicot
1._____ the root phloem is in between the arms of xylem
2. _____ root xylem and phloem are in a ring
3._____vascular bundles are scattered in a stem
4. ______ vascular bundles are in a distinct ring
5. ______ leaf veins form a parallel pattern
6.______ leaf veins form a net (webbed) pattern
7. ______Flower parts in fours or fives and their multiples
8.______Flower parts in threes and multiples of three

A

1.D
2. M
3. M
4.D
5. M
6. D
7. D
8. M

151
Q

___________=consists of flattened sepals

A

calyx

152
Q

___________= consists of petals

A

corolla

153
Q

What is the collective terms for stamens?

A

Androecium

154
Q

What is the collective term for carpel(s)?

A

Gymnoecium

155
Q

What is the collective term for carpel(s)?

A

Gynoecium

156
Q

_______________ stage is further reduced

A

gametophyte

157
Q

The 3 cells of male gametophyte

A
  1. one controls pollen tube
  2. other 2 are sperm
    (only angiosperms double fertilize diploid
158
Q

female gametophyte has ___ hapolid cells and a ________ cell

A

6, central

159
Q

female gametophyte has ___ haploid cells and a ________ cell

A

6, central

160
Q

in female gametophyte one haploid cell becomes the ____
central cell becomes a _________ cell

A

egg, diploid

161
Q

double fertilization is dominant in ________

A

angiosperms

162
Q

monoecious

A

1 flower BOTH carpel and stamen (male and female parts)

163
Q

dioecious

A

1 flower either carpel or stamen (male or female parts)

164
Q

gametophyte female, ______ sac
male, pollen ______

A

emrbyo sac, grain

165
Q

What are the 3 cells of the male gametophyte?

A

1 grows on the pollen tube and the other 2 are sperm

166
Q

Female gametophyte contains 8 nuclei, what are they?

A

6 haploid cells plus a central cell with 2 nuclei

167
Q
  1. Female sporophyte is _________
  2. Male sporphyte is _______
A
  1. carpel
  2. stamen
168
Q

3 steps for pollination in angiosperms

A
  1. pollen grains land on stigma of female sporophyte
  2. Tube cell begins forming pollen tube into style of female sporophyte
  3. 2 sperm cells follow pollen tube
169
Q

3 steps for fertilization in angiosperms

A
  1. 2 sperm cells enter ovary
  2. 1 sperm cell fuses with egg in ovule
  3. 2nd sperm cell fuses with central cell in ovule
170
Q

Describe the 2 steps of double fertilization in angiosperms

A
  1. one sperm unites with the egg, prudcing a diploid zygote (2n)
  2. Second sperm fuses with two nuclei in embryo sac to produce triploid endosperm (3n)
171
Q

Food source for embryo

A

Endosperm

172
Q

3 types of fruit and seed dispersal

A
  1. wind (seed w/ wings)
  2. animal (berries, nuts, etc)
  3. attachment to fur, clothes, or shoelaces (splinters, spiky things, etc.)
173
Q

What are the advantages of timing flower production?

A
  1. Higher probability of dispersing pollen to distantly spaced plants
  2. Higher probability of completing life cycle during growing season
174
Q

Define annual plants and give an example

A

life cycle occurs in one year
ex: landscaping plants

175
Q

what type of plants complete life cycles in two years?

A

Biennial plants

176
Q

Define perennial plants and give an example

A

Repeated life cycle over multiple years
ex: trees

177
Q

What are the styles of seed dormancy?

A
  1. scarification
  2. stratification
178
Q

Define scarification and give an example

A

Hard seed coat that requires weakening before germination
ex: passing through digestive system

179
Q

Define stratification and give an example

A

exposure to cold for a long period
ex: sequences of freeze and thaw

Bio diversity (4 decks)

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