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Pharmacology II > Exam 5: Herbs > Flashcards

Exam 5: Herbs Flashcards

1
Q

What were the most popular products (herbs) used by adults for health reasons?

A
  1. fish oil/omega 3/DHA (37.4%)
  2. glucosamine (19.9%)
  3. echinacea (19.8%)
  4. flaxseed oil or pills (15.9%)
  5. ginseng (14.1%)
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2
Q

What are the 4 most COMMONLY used herbal preparations

A
  1. multivitamins/multiminerals
  2. vitamins E and C
  3. Calcium
  4. B-complex vitamins
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3
Q

List the herbal products and dietary supplements used

A 
Glucosamine or glucosamine/chondroitin
Garlic
Echinacea
Gingko biloba
Herbal tea
Cod liver oil
St John's wort
Ginseng
Saw palmetto
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4
Q

What were the most common reasons for taking an herbal product or dietary supplement

A
  1. to improve general wellness
  2. to help manage arthritis
  3. to help prevent or manage colds
  4. to improve memory
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5
Q

What were the 5 herbal supplements that had the greatest number of documented interactions with medications

A
  1. St. John’s wort
  2. Magnesium
  3. calcium
  4. iron
  5. ginkgo
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6
Q

What medications had the greatest number of reported interactions with HDS?

A
  1. warfarin (MOST)
  2. insulin
  3. aspirin
  4. digoxin
  5. ticlopidine
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7
Q

Which herbs are commonly involved in bleeding?

A

ginkgo, garlic, ginseng, ginger

**Antagonize platelet activating factor

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8
Q

T or F, All herbal medicines should be discontinued for 14 days prior to surgery (including oral surgery)

A

True

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9
Q

When the “g” is followed by a vowel…?

A

the herb is associated with a bleeding effect

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10
Q

When the “g” is followed by a consonant…?

A

there is not a concern for bleeding

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11
Q

List the effects of garlic

A

Anti-lipidemic
Antimicrobial
Anti-asthmatic
Anti-Inflammatory

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12
Q

List the components of garlic that have been implicated with bleeding

A
  1. Ajoene
  2. Allicin (Strong odor; platelet effect is irreversible)
  3. Sulfur containing compounds
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13
Q

What effect does Garlic have on bleeding

A

Antiplatelet

- inhibits production and/or release of chemical mediators

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14
Q

Effects of Ginkgo

A
  • Prevent decreased cerebral function
  • Peripheral vascular insufficiency associated with Alzheimer’s disease or age-related dementia
  • Improve memory and cognition
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15
Q

What components of Ginkgo are implicated in bleeding

A

Terpenoids

  • potent antagonists of platelet activating factor
  • Long-lasting and rapid onset with oral dosing

ANTI PLATELET effect ** Increases prothrombin time and decreases platelet activity

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16
Q

Ginkgo has risk for severe spontaneous bleeding with concurrent use of what other drugs?

A

Aspirin

Warfarin

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17
Q

List the effects of Ginseng

A 
Anti-cncer
Slows aging
Prevent heart attack
Improve digestion
Reduce hypertension
Strengthen immunity
CNS stimulant
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18
Q

What components of Ginseng have been implicated in bleeding

A

Ginsenosides

ANTI PLATELET effect ***inhibit PAF, platelet aggregation, thrombin and thromboplastin

19
Q

Ginseng potentiates bleeding with what other drugs?

A

aspirin
NSAIDS
warfarin
heparin

20
Q

Effects of Ginger

A

Relieve motion sickness and morning sickness
Decrease arthritis pain and inflammation
Relieve upset stomach

21
Q

What components of Ginger have been implicated in bleeding

A

Pungent principles
Volatile oils
Proteolytic enzymes

ANTI PLATELET effect ***reduces platelet thromboxane, inhibits platelet aggregation

22
Q

Effects of Feverfew

A

Anti-inflammatory (RA)
Preventive for migraine headache
Muscle soreness

23
Q

What is the anti platelet effect of Feverfew

A

Inhibits platelet aggregation

24
Q

Feverfew may cause what?

A
  • **Irritation of oral mucosa and tongue

- Increases risk for photosensitivity

25
Q

Effect of St. John’s Wort

A

Reduce mild to moderate depression

26
Q

What are the major active anti depressive constituents are in St John’s wort

A
  1. hyperforin (MAJOR)
  2. hypericin

Others

  1. flavonoids
  2. tannins
27
Q

Hyperforin has been shown to do what biochemically?

A

inhibit uptake of 5-HT, dopamine, norepinephrine, GABA and glutamate

28
Q

What components of St. John’s wort have been implicated in bleeding

A

hypericin

  • **Induces some cytochrome P450 liver enzymes
  • **Reduces anticoagulant effect of warfarin (increases clotting) and lowers the INR
29
Q

Effects of Vitamin E

A

Antioxidant

  1. Prevents oxidation of vitamins A and C
  2. Protects polyunsaturated fatty acids in membranes from free radical damage
  3. Protects RBCs against hemolysis

**May also alter the effect of Vitamin K on clotting factors

30
Q

Use of Echinacea

A

Common Cold
Cough
Bronchitis

31
Q

Adverse effects of Echinacea

A

Hepatotoxic, especially when used with other hepatotoxic med

32
Q

Echinacea may decrease effectiveness of what other drugs

A

corticosteroids

33
Q

Use for Feverfew

A

Migraine prophylaxis
Fever reduction
Anti-inflammatory (RA, muscle soreness)

34
Q

Feverfew is contraindicated when?

A

Pregnancy

35
Q

What adverse effect may occur with Feverfew

A

May cause irritation of oral mucosa/tongue

Up to 15% of users may develop aphthous ulcers

36
Q

Use of Kava-Kava

A

Anxiety, Stress relief
Minor tranquilizer actions
Skeletal muscle relaxant

37
Q

Effects of Kava-Kava

A

Potentiates CNS effects of other CNS depressants: alcohol, BDZs, barbiturates, etc.

***Caution with sedation dentistry

38
Q

Kava-Kava is contraindicated when?

A

in Pregnancy, lactation and Parkinson’s disease

39
Q

Use of Licorice

A

gastric disorders
antitussive
aphthous ulcers
herpes simplex

40
Q

Licorice may cause what?

A

hypertension

May alter platelet aggregation

41
Q

Licorice is contraindicated when?

A

Pregnancy, lactation, liver or renal impairment

42
Q

Use of Valerian

A

mild sedative
mild anxiolytic
anxiety, depression, insomnia

43
Q

Effects of Valerian

A

Potentiates the effects of CNS depressants, including barbiturates

Pharmacology II (24 decks)

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