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Pharmacology II > Exam 5: Herbs > Flashcards

Exam 5: Herbs Flashcards

1
Q

What were the most popular products (herbs) used by adults for health reasons?

A
  1. fish oil/omega 3/DHA (37.4%)
  2. glucosamine (19.9%)
  3. echinacea (19.8%)
  4. flaxseed oil or pills (15.9%)
  5. ginseng (14.1%)
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2
Q

What are the 4 most COMMONLY used herbal preparations

A
  1. multivitamins/multiminerals
  2. vitamins E and C
  3. Calcium
  4. B-complex vitamins
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3
Q

List the herbal products and dietary supplements used

A 
Glucosamine or glucosamine/chondroitin
Garlic
Echinacea
Gingko biloba
Herbal tea
Cod liver oil
St John's wort
Ginseng
Saw palmetto
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4
Q

What were the most common reasons for taking an herbal product or dietary supplement

A
  1. to improve general wellness
  2. to help manage arthritis
  3. to help prevent or manage colds
  4. to improve memory
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5
Q

What were the 5 herbal supplements that had the greatest number of documented interactions with medications

A
  1. St. John’s wort
  2. Magnesium
  3. calcium
  4. iron
  5. ginkgo
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6
Q

What medications had the greatest number of reported interactions with HDS?

A
  1. warfarin (MOST)
  2. insulin
  3. aspirin
  4. digoxin
  5. ticlopidine
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7
Q

Which herbs are commonly involved in bleeding?

A

ginkgo, garlic, ginseng, ginger

**Antagonize platelet activating factor

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8
Q

T or F, All herbal medicines should be discontinued for 14 days prior to surgery (including oral surgery)

A

True

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9
Q

When the “g” is followed by a vowel…?

A

the herb is associated with a bleeding effect

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10
Q

When the “g” is followed by a consonant…?

A

there is not a concern for bleeding

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11
Q

List the effects of garlic

A

Anti-lipidemic
Antimicrobial
Anti-asthmatic
Anti-Inflammatory

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12
Q

List the components of garlic that have been implicated with bleeding

A
  1. Ajoene
  2. Allicin (Strong odor; platelet effect is irreversible)
  3. Sulfur containing compounds
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13
Q

What effect does Garlic have on bleeding

A

Antiplatelet

- inhibits production and/or release of chemical mediators

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14
Q

Effects of Ginkgo

A
  • Prevent decreased cerebral function
  • Peripheral vascular insufficiency associated with Alzheimer’s disease or age-related dementia
  • Improve memory and cognition
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15
Q

What components of Ginkgo are implicated in bleeding

A

Terpenoids

  • potent antagonists of platelet activating factor
  • Long-lasting and rapid onset with oral dosing

ANTI PLATELET effect ** Increases prothrombin time and decreases platelet activity

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16
Q

Ginkgo has risk for severe spontaneous bleeding with concurrent use of what other drugs?

A

Aspirin

Warfarin

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17
Q

List the effects of Ginseng

A 
Anti-cncer
Slows aging
Prevent heart attack
Improve digestion
Reduce hypertension
Strengthen immunity
CNS stimulant
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18
Q

What components of Ginseng have been implicated in bleeding

A

Ginsenosides

ANTI PLATELET effect ***inhibit PAF, platelet aggregation, thrombin and thromboplastin

19
Q

Ginseng potentiates bleeding with what other drugs?

A

aspirin
NSAIDS
warfarin
heparin

20
Q

Effects of Ginger

A

Relieve motion sickness and morning sickness
Decrease arthritis pain and inflammation
Relieve upset stomach

21
Q

What components of Ginger have been implicated in bleeding

A

Pungent principles
Volatile oils
Proteolytic enzymes

ANTI PLATELET effect ***reduces platelet thromboxane, inhibits platelet aggregation

22
Q

Effects of Feverfew

A

Anti-inflammatory (RA)
Preventive for migraine headache
Muscle soreness

23
Q

What is the anti platelet effect of Feverfew

A

Inhibits platelet aggregation

24
Q

Feverfew may cause what?

A
  • **Irritation of oral mucosa and tongue

- Increases risk for photosensitivity

25
Effect of St. John's Wort
Reduce mild to moderate depression
26
What are the major active anti depressive constituents are in St John's wort
1. hyperforin (MAJOR) 2. hypericin Others 3. flavonoids 4. tannins
27
Hyperforin has been shown to do what biochemically?
inhibit uptake of 5-HT, dopamine, norepinephrine, GABA and glutamate
28
What components of St. John's wort have been implicated in bleeding
hypericin * **Induces some cytochrome P450 liver enzymes - **Reduces anticoagulant effect of warfarin (increases clotting) and lowers the INR
29
Effects of Vitamin E
Antioxidant 1. Prevents oxidation of vitamins A and C 2. Protects polyunsaturated fatty acids in membranes from free radical damage 3. Protects RBCs against hemolysis **May also alter the effect of Vitamin K on clotting factors
30
Use of Echinacea
Common Cold Cough Bronchitis
31
Adverse effects of Echinacea
Hepatotoxic, especially when used with other hepatotoxic med
32
Echinacea may decrease effectiveness of what other drugs
corticosteroids
33
Use for Feverfew
Migraine prophylaxis Fever reduction Anti-inflammatory (RA, muscle soreness)
34
Feverfew is contraindicated when?
Pregnancy
35
What adverse effect may occur with Feverfew
May cause irritation of oral mucosa/tongue | Up to 15% of users may develop aphthous ulcers
36
Use of Kava-Kava
Anxiety, Stress relief Minor tranquilizer actions Skeletal muscle relaxant
37
Effects of Kava-Kava
Potentiates CNS effects of other CNS depressants: alcohol, BDZs, barbiturates, etc. ***Caution with sedation dentistry
38
Kava-Kava is contraindicated when?
in Pregnancy, lactation and Parkinson's disease
39
Use of Licorice
gastric disorders antitussive aphthous ulcers herpes simplex
40
Licorice may cause what?
hypertension | May alter platelet aggregation
41
Licorice is contraindicated when?
Pregnancy, lactation, liver or renal impairment
42
Use of Valerian
mild sedative mild anxiolytic anxiety, depression, insomnia
43
Effects of Valerian
Potentiates the effects of CNS depressants, including barbiturates

Pharmacology II (24 decks)

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