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Pharmacology II > Exam 2: Endocrine Pharmacology pt. 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2: Endocrine Pharmacology pt. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most popular oral drug for type 2 diabetes

A 
Metformin (Glucophage)
    - class of Biguanides
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2
Q

Benefits of Metformin

A
  1. More effective than other agents
  2. Reduces all-cause and cardiovascular mortality
  3. Reduces rates of cancer in pts with Type 2 Diabetes.

-*there are more but these are bolded

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3
Q

Risks of Metformin

A
  1. Lactic acidosis if renal impairment
    • avoid alcohol
  2. Gastrointestinal side effects
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4
Q

Mechanism of action for Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitors

A

Inhibits the enzyme (alpha-glucosidase) responsible for degrading complex carbohydrates in gut
- thus no monosaccharides are made available for absorption after a meal.

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5
Q

When taking Alpha-Glucosidase inhibitors, what occurs after a meal?

A

There is a delay in blood glucose concentrations after a meal when taking these drugs

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6
Q

Mechanism of Action for Thiazolidinediones

A

Lower blood glucose by improving target cell response to insulin without increasing pancreatic insulin secretion
- reset insulin receptors = reduces insulin resistance

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7
Q

Activity of Thiazolidinediones depends on what?

A

Depends on the presence of insulin for activity

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8
Q

Name the Thiazolidinedione drugs

A

pioglitazone (Actos)

rosiglitazone (Avandia)

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9
Q

Which Thiazolidinedione has been associated with liver failure

A

rosiglitazone (Avandia)

  • associated with > 30 deaths due to liver failure
  • also increased risk for heart failure
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10
Q

Name the Incretins

A

GLP-1 receptor agonists (glucagon like peptide)

DPP-4 Inhibitors

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11
Q

Action of GLP-1 receptor agonists

A

Boost insulin production by pancreas

Slow absorption of food

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12
Q

Action of DPP-4 Inhibitors

A

Blocks the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 that breaks down GLP-1 peptide in gut

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13
Q

What are the concerns with Incretin drugs

A

New concerns that these drugs cause inflammation and possible pre-cancerous changes of pancreas

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14
Q

What is the primary intervention to lower glucose in diabetics?

A

Obesity management

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15
Q

What is Estradiol

A

a steroid, natural estrogen

- Produced and secreted by the ovary

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16
Q

Name the Estrogen Replacement Drugs

A
  • Conjugated equine estrogens (Premarin)
  • Esterified estrogens (Estratab, Menest)
  • Estradiol preps (many names…)
17
Q

Conjugated equine estrogens are effective in what treatment?

A

In treatment of vasomotor symptoms of menopause

- May also be beneficial to prevent bone loss with osteoporosis (only while on drug)

18
Q

Describe the serious side effect with Premarin and in women with an intact uterus:

A
  • Increased risk for endometrial cancer

- May also increase risk for breast cancer if taken after menopause

19
Q

What is the drug name of Estrogen with Progesterone?

A

Prempro

also Premarin + Provera

20
Q

Benefits of Prempro?

A

Adding progesterone to the estrogen preparation reduces risk for endometrial cancer

21
Q

Prempro usage may increase risk for what things?

A
  1. Heart disease
  2. Stroke
  3. Pulmonary embolism
  4. Invasive breast cancer

** May outweigh long term use to prevent osteoporosis

22
Q

What are the guidelines for HRT use today:

A

Short term use only
- less than 5 years
Used to treat symptoms of menopause

23
Q

Natural progesterone is produced and secreted by what body part?

A

corpus luteum

24
Q

Physiological action of natural progesterone

A

induces a secretory endometrium

- Affects uterine mobility and cervical mucous

25
Q

Progesterone replacement drugs are generally used for what?

A
  1. Treatment of menstrual disorders
  2. Prevention of habitual abortion
  3. Treatment of endometriosis
  4. Contraception
26
Q

What does it mean that testosterone is used as a male climacteric?

A

When testosterone slowly decreases as well as sexual function during fourth or fifth decades, men may exhibit “menopausal” symptoms and can be treated with testosterone.

27
Q

What is Hypogonadism

A

Clinical syndrome which comprises both symptoms and biochemical evidence of T deficiency

28
Q

Evidence suggests that testosterone levels are associated with what things

A
  1. linked to general health of male population

2. Biomarker for presence of occult diseases (cancer, early death, atherosclerosis)

29
Q

Is testosterone therapy beneficial for women?

A

Only if women are postmenopausal with hypoactive sexual desire disorder.

30
Q

T or F, There are NO FDA approved testosterone products for women

A

True

31
Q

Anabolic steroids can increase muscle mass how much?

A

by 30%

Pharmacology II (24 decks)

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