Exam 5 Final Flashcards
During fermentation, _______ is _________ to lactic acid.
Pyruvate; reduced
Hemoglobin leaving an active (exercise) tissue is approximately _______% saturated.
20
Hemoglobin leaving a resting tissue is approximately ______% saturated.
75
Hemoglobin A is leaving an active tissue at ph 7.0. Hemoglobin molecule B is leaving an active tissue ph 7.5. Hemoglobin molecule C is leaving a resting tissue at ph 7.5. Which molecule will have the lowest percent saturation with oxygen?
A
What is the specific effect on carbon monoxide poisoning?
It binds to Hb and displaces O2
O2 leaves the heart towards the body in _______?
An artery
During fermentation in humans, what accepts the electrons from NADH?
Pyruvate
Which of the following produces all of the ATP synthesized during fermentation?
Glycolysis
In human cells, when does fermentation occur?
When the ETC is not running and cells need to reoxidize NADH to NAD+
How many heme groups are on each hemoglobin molecule?
4
What will be the PH of the blood of a person experiencing hydrogen cyanide poisoning?
More basic than normal
What is the specific effect of HCN poisoning?
It inhibits the passing of electrons to oxygen at the bottom of the ETC
Carbon monoxide is inhaled into the lungs and enters the blood. What does it bind to?
A heme group of hemoglobin
What is a major product of fermentation in humans?
Lactic acid
Where would you find one or more hydrogen bonds?
Between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and a hydrogen atom of another water molecule. And between a G and a C in a double stranded DNA molecule
What is an alpha helix?
A type of protein secondary structure
You are trying to design a diet and exercise regimen that will reduce blood glucose levels in people with type 2 diabetes. What is the independent variable of this experiment?
The diet and exercise regimen
In a controlled experiment, which variable is measured by the investigators?
The dependent variable
Insulin is a protein hormone therefore it is made up of?
Amino acids
Glucose is a…?
Monosaccharide
Which of the following is the best description of a polar covalent bond?
An unequal sharing of a pair of electrons
Alli is an inhibitor of?
Lipase
The triglycerides in butter
Have saturated fatty acids
What does bile do?
Emulsifies fats
Do human cells have a cell wall?
No
What is a cell wall made up of?
Cellulose
The biggest risk factor for melanoma is
UV exposure
Which portion of a phospholipid is hydrophobic?
The fatty acid tails
Osmosis is?
The movement of water from a low concentration to a high concentration
What do enzymes do to the rate of the reactions that they catalyze?
Increase it
Thyroid hormone signaling is
Long distance
Where would you find an RNA primer during DNA replication?
At the 3’ end of a leading strand
Where can you find cells of a matastatic ovarian cancer?
In the other ovary, in the bloodstream and in the liver
Daughter cells separate during
Cytokinesis
What during the cell cycle does chromosome segregation ( separation of sister chromatids appear)
M
What makes a cell a target for leptin?
Leptin receptor
A mutation in BRCA1 can increase the risk of
Ovarian cancer
The product of transcription is
An RNA molecule
What makes the backbone of a DNA molecule
Amino acids
Cells replicate their DNA during
S
When a leptin binds the receptor (tyrosine kinase) what is the very next thing that happens?
The leptin receptor becomes activated on its intracellular side
Where does transcription initiate?
At the start codon
What is the final electron acceptor is cellular respiration?
O2
Peroxisomal proteins are made ______ on _______ ribosomes
In the cytoplasm; free
Of the molecules below, which is most reduced?
Glucose
Which molecule gives up electrons to the electron transport chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane?
NADH
Which micronutrient is required for synthesis of thyroid hormone?
Iron
Which of the following can accept electrons during the citric acid cycle?
NADH
What is the energy source used by ATP synthase in the mitochondrion?
PMF
During translation, what brings amino acids to the ribosome?
tRNAs
