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GEOG 1200 > EXAM 5 (FINAL!!) > Flashcards

EXAM 5 (FINAL!!) Flashcards

economic geography

1
Q

what is economic geography?

A

the study of the location, distribution, and spatial organization of economic activities across the world

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2
Q

what are the three sectors of the economy?

A

primary, secondary, and service industries

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3
Q

what are primary sectors?

A

extracting resources from the environment

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4
Q

what are secondary sectors?

A

processing resources (from primary) into products for sale

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5
Q

what are services industries?

A

wide category, not selling a tangible object but instead the ability to do/service of something

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6
Q

where is a primary sector most important in terms of employing or occupying people?

A

mostly the Global South & third world countries

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7
Q

how does that vary between wealthier countries and in the Global South

A

the wealthier the country, less need for primary employment

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8
Q

what are the three types of services?

A

transportation/communication
producer
consumer

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9
Q

what are examples of transportation services?

A

highways
airlines
pipelines

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10
Q

what are examples of communication services?

A

radio, television, internet, social media, streaming

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11
Q

what are examples of producer services?

A

legal, advertising, insurance, banking, storing computerized data

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12
Q

what are examples of consumer services?

A

education
government
tourism
health

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13
Q

what is economic globalization?

A

the integration of national economies through trade and the movement of capital

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14
Q

what is the New International Division of Labor?

A

spatial reorganization of economic activities since approximately the 1970s by economic globalization

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15
Q

what is the Transnational Corps?

A

company that has international management & offices

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16
Q

what did the New International Division of Labor cause?

A
  • rise of Transnational Corps
  • movement of industry and labor-intensive jobs to global south
  • greater competition from Newly Industrialized Countries (NICs)
  • outsourcing (contracting out a business function that used to be done in-house)
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17
Q

who is the world’s SECOND LARGEST manufacturer?

A

USA

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18
Q

what is China’s global output?

A

24%

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19
Q

what is the USA’s global output?

A

17%

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20
Q

what percentage of manufacturing is employed in the work force?

A

8%
32% in 1947

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21
Q

for services, what is the percentage of work force?

A

80%

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22
Q

what are High Tech Corridors?

A
  • clusters of businesses that develop cutting edge technologies
    (computer software, pharmaceuticals, medical technologies, biotech, green technologies, robotics, telecommunications)
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23
Q

why are High Tech Corridors so desirable?

A

jobs are high-paying
fewer environmental issues
lots of spinoffs

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24
Q

where are High Tech Corridors located?

A

Silicon Valley, CA
Route 128 Boston
Austin – San Antonio, TX
Bangalore, India

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25
Q

what are Export Processing Zones (EPZs)?

A

Global South areas where countries invite industries for processing and export

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26
Q

why are Export Processing Zones controversial?

A
  • labor intensive
  • poor wages
  • limited worker rights
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27
Q

what are Maquiladoras?

A

factories that imports materials, assembles, or manufactures a product and then re-exports the product

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28
Q

how many Mexican are employed in Maquiladoras?

A

half a million

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29
Q

why are Maquiladoras controversial?

A

substandard wages
unhealthy working condition
other exploitative practices

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30
Q

what are Regional Trade Blocks?

A

an intergovernmental agreement where regional barriers to trade are reduced or eliminated along the participating states

31
Q

what is the International Bank of Reconstruction and Development? (IBRD) (World Bank)

A

multilateral institution that provides loans and technical assistance to developing countries for development-related projects

32
Q

what is the International Monetary Fund? (IMF)

A

multilateral organization that an oversees the global financial system by influencing macroeconomic policies

33
Q

what are controversies of World Bank & International Monetary Fund?

A
  • conditions on loans
  • national sovereignty
  • privatization
  • deepened poverty
  • development projects damaged environment
34
Q

what is the World Trade Organization? (WTO)

A

multilateral institution that promotes “harmonization” and liberalization of trade around the world

35
Q

what’s important to note about the agreements made under the WTO?

A

countries agree to “free trade” rules that favor non-discrimination

36
Q

what was the WTO founded out of?

A

GATT
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

37
Q

what are the most important manufacturing zones in the world?

A

China
USA
Japan

38
Q

what are the most recent manufacturing zones?

A

Mexico, Brasil, Taiwan, South Korea, Singapore, China, South Africa

39
Q

what is meant by deindustrialization and the rust belt?

A
  • deindustrialization is the loss of jobs and predominance of manufacturing in economy
  • the rust belt was a region of the USA that experienced great industrial decline in the 1950s
40
Q

when did the Rust Belt occur?

A

1950s

41
Q

how is the Rust Belt connected to the New Industrialization of Labor?

A

caused the move of industrialization and job rise to the Global South

42
Q

how do Regional Trade Blocks change where economic activities occurs?

A

regional barriers to trade are reduced and/or eliminated among the participating states

43
Q

why are Regional Trade Blocs controversial?

A
  • consumer protection
  • environmental & social responsibility
  • shifting bargaining power
  • national security
44
Q

what is the platform economy?

A

increasing use and importance of digital platforms as business models

45
Q

what is distinct about this form of business model (platform economy)?

A

don’t have a supply chain

46
Q

are there examples of Platform Economy’s success in the economy?

A

the big four: Facebook, Amazon, Apple, and Google

47
Q

what’s controversial about the WTO?

A

I) far exceeded trade issues
2) national laws on health, safety, environment, development challenged
3) EU and GMOs
4) uneven playing field and sporadic enforcement
5) Intellectual Property Rights

48
Q

what are the stated goals of the WTO?

A

countries agree to “free trade” rules that favor “non-discrimination”

49
Q

(for the WTO), how is non-discrimination supposed to work?

A

no discrimination between “like” products from different trading partners (giving them equally “most favored-nation”)

50
Q

how have the previous two U.S. presidents tried to use/or disable the WTO in recent trade disputes?

A
  • Obama brought 25 cases to WTO, 16 against China
  • Trump cut off WTO’s Appellate Body
51
Q

why is the dispute resolution function of the WTO so important?

A
  • appellate body
  • binding dispute settlements
52
Q

describe the role of manufacturing in the United States. does the US have a significant manufacturing sector?

A
  • second largest manufacturer
  • 17% of global output
53
Q

what are the most important urbanization trends?

A

urban
metropolitan area
megalopolis

54
Q

how will Africa and Asia change in coming years?

A

both countries are expected to increase in urbanization percentages

55
Q

what is urban?

A

concentration of people in relatively high density areas, usually non-agricultural

56
Q

what is a metropolitan area?

A

urban areas and surrounding satellite cities and rural areas

57
Q

what is a megalopolis?

A

an extensive and continuous metropolitan area consisting of overlapping metropolitan areas

58
Q

what is a CBD?

A

Central Business District, concentration of high density land-uses in a city (aka “downtown”)

59
Q

understand some of the social and environmental challenges of urbanization, including urban heat islands

A
  • urban heat islands
  • increased fossil fuel and greenhouse usage
60
Q

what economic and administrative functions (businesses, government) are located in most CBDs?

A

financial services (banks, insurance)
corporate headquarters
sports facilities/convention centers
government offices (police, city hall, court house)

61
Q

what are suburbs?

A

the movement from urban areas to outlying satellite towns or the rural fringe

62
Q

when were the first suburbs developed?

A

1900s-1960s

63
Q

how are the first suburbs distinct from exurbs?

A

suburbs - higher white population density, segregated, excluded minorities

64
Q

how was the federal government involved in suburbanization in the U.S.?

A
  • major federal effort to increase home ownership
  • interstates & infrastructure
  • lower taxes
  • 1949 Housing Act
  • GI Bill
65
Q

what is the 1949 Housing Act?

A

federally subsidised public housing units should be built for low-income Americans

66
Q

what is gentrification?

A

the movement of middle-class people into run-down parts of the city

67
Q

how can gentrification be positive?

A

incomes, rent, and property values go up
hip coffee shops and art galleries replace previous shops

68
Q

how can gentrification be negative?

A
  • people are excluded from their own neighborhood
  • “new” money increases rent, property taxes, and replaces previous uses
  • neighborhood increasingly for elite residents
  • increased inequality and segregation
  • poor, elderly, homeless, commonly minorities lose “place” in gentrified community
69
Q

what are some problems or hidden costs of suburbanization?

A
  • “race riots” of the 1960s.
  • “white flight”
  • redlining
  • central cities lost population and tax base
  • several decades of demographic and economic decline
70
Q

what factors encouraged suburbanization and subsequent problems in central cities? (consider the G.I. bill, interstates, and funding)

A
  • lower taxes
  • 1949 housing act
  • public housing, mortgage insurance, urban renewal
  • G.I. Bill
  • benefits for WWII veterans
71
Q

why is the post-WWII suburbanization commonly called “white flight”?

A

massive movement of white folks from cities to suburbs

72
Q

what factors explain why most people suburbanizing were white?

A
  • smaller pool of middle-class population
  • mortgage discrimination
  • restrictive covenants: excluded minorities
  • G.I. bill did little to help African Americans
  • suburbs segregated
73
Q

how did suburbanization lead to greater segregation in the U.S.?

A
  • mortgage discrimination increased
  • minorities were excluded
  • segregated housing projects (Jim Crow)
  • redlining
74
Q

when were most interstates built?

A

post WWII

GEOG 1200 (4 decks)

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