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GEOG 1200 > EXAM 4 > Flashcards

EXAM 4 Flashcards

agricultural geography

1
Q

what is meant by domestication and agriculture?

A

agriculture is the practice of cultivating DOMESTICATED plants and animals

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2
Q

how are agricultural systems classified?

A

labor, location, and economy

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3
Q

agriculture is the single ___ land use and single ___ occupation

A

largest
greatest

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4
Q

what proportion of workers in the world are in agriculture?

A

one in three

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5
Q

what percentage of people in the world are workers in agriculture? how many exactly?

A

40%
over one billion

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6
Q

what was the Neolithic Revolution?

A
  • domesticated plants and animals, not simply “invented”
  • became increasingly important for societies
  • greater dependence led to agricultural success
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7
Q

what was the Colombian Exchange?

A

the exchange of animals, plants, culture, human populations, disease, technology, and ideas between the “Old World” and “New World” following 1492

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8
Q

what was the Industrialization of Agriculture (including the GREEN REVOLUTION)?

A

applying industrial practices to agriculture to make food production more efficient, standardized, & mass produced

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9
Q

what was the Genetic Engineering in Agriculture? (1990s-Present)

A

transferring individual genes between organisms or modifying the genes in an organism to remove or add a desired trait or characteristic

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10
Q

what crops and animals were brought from the old to the new world and had the biggest impact?

A

I) animals… horses, sheep, pigs, cattle
II) plants… wheat, barley, sugar, later many others
III) microorganisms… measles, smallpox, influenza, black death, TB, etc.

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11
Q

what is cassava? where is it grown?

A

I) a woody shrub/root vegetable “tropical potato”
II) native to Nigeria / West Africa

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12
Q

when did agriculture begin?

A

12,000 years ago

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13
Q

what was domesticated in the near east (from Israel to Iran (11,000-12,000 BP)?

A

emmer wheat, barley

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14
Q

what was domesticated in Mesoamerica?

A

maize, tomatoes, chili peppers, cacao, avocado, squash, cotton

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15
Q

what was domesticated in Asia?

A

pigs, chickens, soybean, rice, bananas, sugarcane

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16
Q

what was domesticated in the Andes/Peru?

A

potatoes, beans, alpacas, peanuts

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17
Q

what did agricultural societies bring about?

A

I) surplus of food
II) population growth
III) division of labor
IV) specialization of labor & cities

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18
Q

what is domestication?

A

the gradual process of changing plants and animals to be more useful for humans

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19
Q

what is subsistence farming?

A

growing food for you/your family to eat

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20
Q

what is market farming?

A

growing food with the goal to sell it

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21
Q

today, is market or subsistence farming more common?

A

market farming

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22
Q

how much of the work force is a farmer?

A

less than 2%

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23
Q

when was the Neolithic Revolution?

A

5-12,000 years before present (BP)

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24
Q

what is considered the “Old World”?

A

Europe, Africa, and Asia

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25
Q

what is considered the “New World”?

A

the Americas

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26
Q

explain industrialization in agriculture

A

the development of mechanization and chemical use in agriculture, sought out the create agriculture more efficient, standardized, and mass produced

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27
Q

what was agriculture like before WWII?

A
  • farmers were generalists
  • limited chemical use
  • farmers use their own seeds
  • most work was done through human or animal labor
28
Q

what was agriculture like post WWII?

A
  • farmers became specialists
  • heavy chemical use
  • seeds bought from those with patents
  • heavy use of machines and/or fossil fuels
  • many farmers on contract with corporations
29
Q

how did the Green Revolution combat the Red Scare?

A

tried to develop countries and prevent them from reaching out to the Soviet Union or China to help during the Cold War

30
Q

what were the important crops involved in the Columbian Exchange?

A

potatoes, corn, beans, squash, cassava

31
Q

why was developing agriculture so significant in human history?

A
  • allowed for a shift from hunter-gatherer to farm-based living
  • created societies based around farming
32
Q

what were the target areas of the Industrialization of Agriculture (including the Green Revolution)?

A

SE Asia (rice)
S Asia & N Africa (wheat)

33
Q

what were the results of the Industrialization of Agriculture (incl. the Green Revolution)?

A

75% of Asia rice sown with GR seeds

34
Q

what is cargill an example of?

A

a supplier

35
Q

what is cargill the merchant?

A

one of the largest purchasers of dozens of commodities including soy, corn, cotton, cocoa, and others

36
Q

what is cargill the processor?

A

second largest beef packer
fourth largest pork packer
third largest turkey producer

37
Q

why are companies like Cargill, ADM, ConAgra, and General Miss important?

A

I) sell fertilizer, feed for animals
II) process a ton of food for people

38
Q

what is “precision agriculture”?

A

using technology with location specific info (GPS, sensors, mechanical harvesters) to manage moisture, irrigation, fertilization, etc.

39
Q

how do GPS and GIS technologies allow for micromanagement of agricultural fields?

A

I) use drones for aerial views
II) create farm maps with precise acreage for field areas

40
Q

what is distinct about GMOs and what traits have been introduced to plants?

A
  • gmos are genetically modified organisms
  • traits such as genes that make the crops resistance to insects, viruses and herbicides
41
Q

what are the most common gmo crops?

A

soy, corn, cotton

42
Q

where are the most common gmo crops grown?

A

USA has the most with Brazil following

43
Q

what is CRISPR technology?

A
  • stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
  • target specific stretches of genetic code to edit DNA at precise locations
44
Q

why might CRISPR be important for agriculture and the food we eat?

A
  • herbicide tolerance
  • insect resistance
45
Q

where is Paddy Rice practiced?

A

south & east Asia: tropical-subtropical

46
Q

why is Paddy Rice important?

A
  • substantial labor, minimal mechanization
  • causes 90% of the world’s rice to be grown and consumed in Asia
47
Q

where is Plantation Agriculture practiced?

A

mostly tropics, subtropics, and Global South

48
Q

why is Plantation Agriculture important?

A
  • mono-cropping specialty crops on large sections of land
  • uses lots of cheap labor
49
Q

where is Truck Farming practiced?

A

many states in the US: Cali, Florida, Texas, etc.

50
Q

why is Truck Farming important?

A
  • relies on cheap labor, especially for harvest
  • chemical intensive
51
Q

where is Commercial Grain/Livestock Farming practiced?

A

** Western Europe
mid-latitude, former grasslands

52
Q

why is Commercial Grain/Livestock Farming important?

A

growing cereal crops (corn, beans, wheat) using industrial practices to feed animals and as inputs into other products

53
Q

what is meant by contract farming?

A

useful tool to mitigate prevalent market failures and to reduce the risks facing smallholder farmers

54
Q

what is contract farming?

A

a preharvest agreement between farmers and buyers

55
Q

what is a CAFO or factory farming?

A
  • CAFO: Confirmed Animal Feeding Operation
  • large numbers of animals in crowded buildings designed to produce as many products as possible
56
Q

why is CAFO or factory farming criticized?

A

animal ethics
food safety (bacteria & antibiotics)
environmental pollution

57
Q

where are factory farms located?

A

grower states like North Carolina, Iowa, Illinois, Nebraska, and Kansas

58
Q

how and where are cattle slaughtered in the USA?

A

very midwest (Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma, northern Texas, Iowa, Arkansas)

59
Q

what are some of the most important criticisms of Industrial Agriculture?

A
  • environment: pesticides, GMOs?, fossil fuels, water pollution, greenhouse gases
  • health & safety: heavily processed, sanitary conditions, is the food safe?
  • equity and labor issues: money concentration, depend upon low-wage/immigrant labor
60
Q

what is meant by alternative agricultures and what do they seek to address?

A

they are production systems that do not use conventional methods. they seek to address the current issues (health/safety, morals, etc) of agriculture now

61
Q

what is a “food desert”?

A

areas lacking ready access to fresh fruit, vegetables, and other healthful whole foods (largely due to a lack of grocery stores, farmers’ markets, and healthy food providers)

62
Q

what is a “food swamp”?

A

areas dominated by fast food rather than healthy choices

63
Q

why should people buy local?

A

strengthen local economy, reduce climate change impacts, support community groups, unique community, create more quality jobs, and more

64
Q

what are some critiques of buying local?

A

practicality, xenophobic?, reflect white & middle-class folks?, inclusion?

65
Q

in what economies are there few people engaged in agriculture?

A

Global North, wealthiest economies, places with a lot of mechanized agriculture

66
Q

when did the Green Revolution take place?

A

1966-1974

67
Q

what was the Green Revolution?

A

a large-scale institutional and technological effort to grow more food (wheat and rice) (especially in Asia)

GEOG 1200 (4 decks)

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