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GEOG 1200 > EXAM 3 > Flashcards

EXAM 3 Flashcards

religious(?) geography

1
Q

what is migration?

A

the process of changing residence from one location to another

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2
Q

what is a migrant?

A

a person who changes residence
- requires change in social space

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3
Q

what is an immigrant?

A

a person who moves into a country of which they are not native

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4
Q

what is an IDP?

A

internally displaced person
- (def.)

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5
Q

what is an example of migration in our day to day lives?

A

movement from one suburb to another, from a dorm to a house, etc

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6
Q

what is emigration?

A

when a person who departs from one country to settle in another

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7
Q

what is immigration?

A

when a person who moves into a country of which they are not native

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8
Q

what is involuntary migration?

A

when people are forced to move without choice

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9
Q

what are examples of involuntary migration?

A

refugees, those seeking asylum, Internally Displaced Persons, human trafficking

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10
Q

what is a refugee?

A

someone who leaves their country and wants to go to the United States

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11
Q

what is an asylee?

A

someone who comes to the United States and then wants to stay

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12
Q

how has involuntary migration reshaped the labor supply and ethnic make-up of Americans?

A

through things like slavery, indentured servitude, and refugees from war-torn countries the make-up of the United States has become significantly more diverse

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13
Q

what is human trafficking?

A

the illegal business/trade of human beings for the purposes of reproductive slavery, commercial sexual exploitation, forced labor, or a modern-day form of slavery

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14
Q

how is human trafficking distinct from unauthorized migration?

A

it does not always require the movement/migration of people and it can happen on any scale (domestic or international)

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15
Q

what are some reasons for someone to/not migrate?

A

job/education access, relationships, life-stages, amenities

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16
Q

what are the big 3 factors that are important to balance when deciding to migrate?

A
  • vocation (job/partner’s job)
  • relationships (including other people?)
  • location (what amenities want/need?)
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17
Q

what are some things you need to consider to understand migration?

A

structural forces promoting im/emigration, goals and aspirations of migrants, and networks that arise when two areas are linked

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18
Q

what are the two broad phases of international migration?

A

European expansion from 1500-1945 and “South to North” from 1980-present day

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19
Q

what wave of migration occurred from 1790-1861?

A

small number of enslaved Africans

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20
Q

what wave of migration occurred from 1790-1881?

A

the Open Door Era (for free white men)

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21
Q

what wave of migration occurred in the 1800s?

A

The Europeanization of America

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22
Q

what is an ethnic group?

A

a group of people who share a common ancestry and cultural identity

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23
Q

what are some characteristics that an ethnic group has in common?

A

language, religion, experience in society, interest in the “homeland”, food, conscious of belonging

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24
Q

what is race?

A

a socially constructed category, based in part on particular biological differences, varies across space an time

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25
Q

what is important about the idea of race?

A

it is not biologically factual and it is based on the acceptance of different definitions and categories

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26
Q

what is the One-Drop rule?

A

during the Jim Crow era, said if there is any evidence of African Heritage then you are subject to Jim Crow Laws

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27
Q

what was the major wave of US immigration from 1840-1860?

A

German and Irish

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28
Q

where did Germans and the Irish settle?

A

Midwest and East Coast (respectively)

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29
Q

why did Germans and the Irish come to America in the 1800s?

A

The Great Famine

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30
Q

what was the wave of immigration like from 1880-1920?

A

South and Eastern Europeans heading for Midwestern and east coast cities-caused heavily by displacement

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31
Q

what is unique about the era of immigration from 1880-1920?

A

many migrants came to work in America with the plan to go back to their home country after procuring wealth

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32
Q

what is an ethnic neighborhood/enclave?

A

a small community where people with a similar origin reside (enclave is a slight step up from a neighborhood)

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33
Q

what is the 1924 National Origins Act?

A

Act where the US shut the door on immigration, made it virtually impossible to migrate to the US unless you were from Canada or Mexico

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34
Q

what is the 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act?

A

policy framework that we are living with today, enacted the Family Unification Clause

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35
Q

what is the Family Unification Clause?

A

gives preference to people bringing family members and trying to unite them

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36
Q

what are the new immigrant destinations?

A

the Great Plains, The South, small to medium cities in the Midwest

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37
Q

what are the old immigrant destinations?

A

California, New York, Texas, Florida, New Jersey, Illinois

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38
Q

what are the short term effects of immigration?

A

costs can be considerable for state/local governments but not significant for the federal government

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39
Q

what are long-terms effects of immigration?

A

benefits exceed the costs, immigrants tend to work hard/get education/pay taxes etc., much more expensive to not have immigrants

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40
Q

who do migrants tend to compete with when searching for jobs?

A

other migrants and high school drop outs

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41
Q

what are the 5 major religions that we learned about?

A

Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and Hinduism

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42
Q

what is religion?

A

systems of formal and informal worship and faith in the sacred or divine and usually with a code of ethics

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43
Q

what is the purpose of most religions?

A

to help us understand why we are here, what will happen to us, and why things are the way they are

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44
Q

what are the two types of religious categories?

A

Universalizing (proselytic) and Ethnic (ethnoreligious)

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45
Q

what are proselytic religions like?

A

they actively seek converts, not one ethnic group is associated with the religion itself

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46
Q

what religions did we learn about that are proselytic?

A

Christianity and Islam

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47
Q

what is montheism?

A

the belief in one god

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48
Q

what is polytheism?

A

the belief in more than one god

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49
Q

what is orthodoxy?

A

remaining close to the scripture or accepted beliefs

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50
Q

what is animism?

A

the belief that spirits exist outside of human life (rivers, trees, animals, winds, etc.)

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51
Q

what is an example of a religion that believes in animism?

A

Paganism

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52
Q

what is atheistic?

A

believing that there is no god

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53
Q

what is agnostic?

A

neither believes or disbelieves that there is a god

54
Q

what is secularism?

A

organizations/countries not having a set religion

55
Q

what is fundamentalism?

A

a movement to return to the core beliefs of the faith

56
Q

what are the three Abrahamic Religions?

A

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

57
Q

what is Judaism?

A

the first of the Abrahamic faiths

58
Q

what kind of group is Judaism?

A

ethno-religious (many put a higher emphasis on the ethnic part rather than the religious part)

59
Q

is Judaism monotheistic or polytheistic?

A

Monotheistic

60
Q

what are the sacred texts of Judaism?

A

the Torah (5 books of Moses, the old testament) and the Talmud (Rabbinical writings)

61
Q

what is the difference between the Torah and the Talmud?

A

the Torah is writings directly from god and the Talmud is rabbi’s interpretations of this writing

62
Q

what is the god of Judaism?

A

Yahweh, omnipotent and merciful

63
Q

what does Judaism emphasize?

A

ethical behavior, doing the right thing in the world you’re living in/following the books, does not make the afterlife the main goal

64
Q

where did Judaism originate?

A

modern-day Israel 5th Century BCE

65
Q

what are the branches of Christianity?

A

Catholic
Orthodox
Protestant

66
Q

where can Roman Catholic be found?

A

southern Europe
Latin America

67
Q

where can Orthodoxy be found?

A

eastern and southern Europe

68
Q

where can Protestant be found?

A

Northern Europe and North America

69
Q

what are Marian apparitions?

A

mystical eventS where Mary, the Mother of Jesus, appears here on the earth

70
Q

where were the Jewish pushed out of in 1492?

A

The Iberian Peninsula

71
Q

when did emigration of Jewish peoples from Europe to America begin?

A

mid-1800s

72
Q

approximately how many Jewish people are there in the world?

A

14 million

73
Q

what is a synagogue?

A

Jewish house of worship (has many styles)

74
Q

what are the Jewish holy sites?

A

the Temple Mount and Western Wall in Jerusalem

75
Q

what is Christianity?

A

universalizing belief, a revision of the Jewish belief system

76
Q

who is regarded as the founder of Christianity?

A

Jesus, a Jewish preacher

77
Q

what is significant about the difference between Judaism and Christianity?

A

Christians believed that Jesus was the incarnation of God, he preached that the world was ending and needed saved

78
Q

what is the sacred text of Christianity?

A

the Bible

79
Q

what are the three main branches of Christianity?

A

Roman Catholic, Orthodox (Eastern), and Protestant

80
Q

approximately how many Christian followers are there?

A

2.3 billion

81
Q

where did Christianity originate?

A

Israel

82
Q

explain the relationship between the Roman Empire and Christianity

A

Christianity was originally not recognized until 313 CE when Emperor Constantine converted

83
Q

how did European conversion of Christianity occur?

A

through colonialism, missionary activities, and international migration

84
Q

what is the Great Schism?

A

the break of the communion between the Roman Catholic Church (Western) and the Orthodox Christian Church (Eastern)

85
Q

when did the Great Schism occur?

A

1504

86
Q

what is the Protestant Reformation?

A

religious reform movement that divided the western church into Catholic and Protestant groups

87
Q

what is different about Protestantism vs the Orthodox and Catholic churches?

A

does not recognize figureheads (Pope and Bishops) but still uses the bible in teachings

88
Q

what are cultural landscapes of Christianity?

A

churches/cathedrals, graveyards, pilgrimage sites, protestant mega-churches

89
Q

what is unique about Christianity?

A

the way that they believe that Jesus was god on earth

90
Q

what is Islam?

A

religion of submission to god (Allah)

91
Q

what are Islam followers called?

A

Muslims

92
Q

what kind of religion is Islam?

A

monotheistic and universalizing (does not seek converts but is not an ethnic religion)

93
Q

approximately how many Muslims are there?

A

1.8 billion (24% of the world)

94
Q

where is Islam concentrated?

A

N. Africa, SW Asia, S. Central Asia, Indonesia, and Malaysia

95
Q

what do Muslims believe?

A

Muhammed (prophet) believed to have the last word of God in Mecca 610 CE

96
Q

what is the sacred text of Islam?

A

the Koran (Qu’ran)

97
Q

what are the five pillars of Islam?

A

Faith
Prayer
Alms/Charity
Fast
Pilgrimage

98
Q

what are the two main branches of Islam?

A

Sunni and Shi’ah

99
Q

what is the difference between the Sunni and Shi’ah?

A

Shi’ah believe that Muhammed’s son-in-law was his successor while the Sunni do not

100
Q

where did Islam originate?

A

Mecca, Saudi Arabia 610 CE

101
Q

describe the diffusion of Islam

A

rapid throughout Arabia, parts of Asia, and North Africa via conquests, trading networks and missionary activities

102
Q

what is the caliphate?

A

form of Islamic government led by a caliph (political and religious leader) sometimes viewed as a successor of Muhammed

103
Q

what are the cultural landscapes of Islam?

A

Mosques, pilgrimage sites (Mecca and Medina), Symbols (crescent moon and star)

104
Q

what are the key features of a mosque?

A

Minaret (pray tower), distinctive archway, dome, no imagery of god

105
Q

what is Hinduism?

A

religious, philosophical, and cultural traditions native to India

106
Q

what kind of religion is Hinduism?

A

ethnic, polytheistic

107
Q

approximately how many Hindu followers are there?

A

1 billion, mostly in India but also Nepal and Bangladesh

108
Q

what is the sacred text of Hinduism?

A

the Vedic (guidebook/storybook telling what’s right and wrong and how to live your life)

109
Q

what is the Hindu belief about the soul and the afterlife?

A

the soul is immortal, you will come back as something else after you die

110
Q

what is Karma?

A

the sum of one’s actions and the force that determines one’s next reincarnation

111
Q

what is the goal of Hinduism?

A

break the cycle of death and rebirth

112
Q

what is ahimsa?

A

Hindu belief in nonviolence, often leads to vegetarianism

113
Q

what are the three major Hindu gods?

A

Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva

114
Q

what are the cultural landscapes of Hinduism?

A

temples, icons of gods or the powers of the universe, pilgrimage sites (Ganges river)

115
Q

what is the holiest city in Hindusim?

A

Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

116
Q

what is important about Varanasi in Hinduism?

A

the site where Brahma and Shiva fought, Shiva won and Brahma’s “death?” caused the formation of Varanasi

117
Q

what is Buddhism?

A

a branch off of Hinduism, a more modern revision

118
Q

describe the beliefs of Buddhism

A

a religion and philosophy encompassing a variety of traditions, largely based on the teaching of Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha)

119
Q

what is Buddha?

A

awakened one, awoke to the realities of the world/universe, someone who saw the light and the secrets of the universe

120
Q

what is unique about Buddhism compared to the other religions?

A

they don’t believe in God at all

121
Q

how many Buddhists followers are there?

A

approximately 500 million

122
Q

where are Buddhists located?

A

East and South East Asia

123
Q

what are the Buddhist beliefs?

A

more of a moral philosophy, believes in Karma and Rebirth, 6 realms of existence

124
Q

what is the goal in Buddhism?

A

reach nirvana, escape the cycle of suffering and rebirth, achieve “perfect enlightenment”

125
Q

what are the four noble truths?

A

1) to exist is to suffer
2) we suffer because we desire
3) suffering will cease when desire is eliminated
4) follow eightfold path

126
Q

where did Buddhism originate?

A

Northeast India, diffusion to China, East and Southeast Asia by monks and missionaries

127
Q

what are the two main branches of Buddhism?

A

Theravada (school of elders) and Mahayana (great vehicle)

128
Q

what is unique about the belief of Theravada Buddhism?

A

they believe that there are 29 Buddhists

129
Q

what are the cultural landscapes of Buddhism?

A

shrines and temples, holy sites where Buddha taught

130
Q

what is chain migration?

A

migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

GEOG 1200 (4 decks)

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