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GEOG 1200 > EXAM 2 > Flashcards

EXAM 2 Flashcards

land-n-stuff geography idk

1
Q

what is a cultural landscape?

A

human imprint on the Earth that reflects a cultural groups’ needs, values, and attitudes toward the Earth

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2
Q

what is the public land survey system?

A

system to map and survey land based on townships and ranges

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3
Q

what’s an example of an American Rectangular Survey?

A

public land survey system

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4
Q

what are three examples of European settling of Ohio?

A
  • Virginia Military Reserve
  • Connecticut Western Reserve
  • Ohio Company Purchase
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5
Q

how big is each township in the Public Land Survey System?

A

6 mi x 6 mi (36 sq mi)

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6
Q

when did Virginia cede its land? when did it settle?

A

1784
1790s

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7
Q

when did Connecticut cede its land? what did it aim to profit from?

A

1800
settlement plan

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8
Q

what was the Ohio Company Purchase?

A

Boston Land Speculators who bought 1.5 million acres of land from Federal Gov.

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9
Q

what townships were set aside for Ohio University?

A

townships 8 and 9

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10
Q

when did the Ohio Company Purchase disband? why?

A

1796
it was a failure

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11
Q

what was the Agricultural Revolution? when did it start?

A
  • reliance on domesticated plants and animals
  • started approximately 10,000 years before present
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12
Q

what was the world’s population in 1900?

A

1.6 billion

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13
Q

why did the world’s population grow so large in the 20th century?

A

death rates have fallen faster than birth rates

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14
Q

what is the global rate of natural increase?

A

0.9%

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15
Q

the world’s rate of natural increase is…?
(decreasing or increasing?)

A

decreasing

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16
Q

where is the rate of annual population increasing the fastest?

A

Africa
(by far!)

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17
Q

in 2020, Europe’s population was 744 million people – what’s the projected population for 2050?

A

731 million

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18
Q

what will happen to China’s population?

A

will start decreasing in about 10 years

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19
Q

what is the total fertility rate in the USA?

A

1.6

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20
Q

how would you measure population change?

A

Census / American Community Survey
(every ten years)

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21
Q

what are vital statistics?

A

data collected on “milestone” events
(always include births and deaths)

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22
Q

what is a crude birth rate?

A

annual number births per 1000 people

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23
Q

what is a crude death rate?

A

annual number deaths per 1000 people

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24
Q

what is the rate of natural increase (RNI)?

A

CBR – CDR = RNI (%)

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25
Q

what is a cohort?

A

group of people who share a similar demographic experience

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26
Q

what is population projection?

A

number of people expected to be alive at a future date

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27
Q

RNI slow/no growth countries?

A

below 0.5% (can be negative)

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28
Q

RNI moderate growth countries?

A

0.5% to 2.0%

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29
Q

RNI fast growth countries?

A

above 2.0%

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30
Q

when did the death rates begin to decrease for the USA?

A

late 1700s

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31
Q

when did the US become a country?

A

1783 (signed document)

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32
Q

what was the Treaty of Tordesillas and how did it affect which group colonized the Americas?

A
  • divided the New World into Spanish and Portuguese spheres of influence
  • ????
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33
Q

what is metes and bounds?

A

uses markers, stakes & monuments to organize land

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34
Q

where was the Public Land Survey System primarily used?

A

Majority of the United States except for the east coast, Kentucky, Tennessee, West Virginia, and Texas

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35
Q

where was the metes and bounds system used?

A

much of the 13 colonies, Kentucky, Tennessee, West Virginia, and Texas

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36
Q

what is the longlot system?

A

French design, created to allow farms equal amounts of soil and water access

37
Q

what areas were settled under the long lot system?

A

French settlements, Louisiana, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin, and Michigan

38
Q

what is the Spanish Grid System?

A

created a grid pattern outside of a central plaza

39
Q

what areas were settled under the Spanish Grid System?

A

parts of California and New Mexico

40
Q

how does the Spanish Grid System work?

A

built around the Catholic Church, government buildings and stores would be immediately surrounding the church, 4x4 grid system outside of the plaza

41
Q

what is important to note about the center of the city under the Spanish Grid System?

A

the closer to the center of the city, the wealthier you/your family was

42
Q

what is the Northwest Ordinance?

A

the new land acquired would become new states, no slavery, must be surveyed prior to settlement through the Public Lands/American Rectangular Survey System

43
Q

what is important to note about section 16 under the Public Land Survey System?

A

it’s reserved for the schools

44
Q

what is the Virginia Military District?

A

settled with Metes and Bounds, from the Scioto River to the Little Miami River

45
Q

what did Virginia cede its land claims for?

A

land between the Scioto and Little Miami Rivers was used to pay veterans of the Revolutionary War

46
Q

what is the Connecticut Western Reserve?

A

from Sandusky, Ohio eastward

47
Q

what did Connecticut cede its land in exchange for?

A

the federal government to assume war debts
the right to sell land to settlers
right to compensate victims of the revolutionary war

48
Q

when was the era of decolonization? where?

A

post WWII (1957)
middle east, Africa, Asia, Pakistan

49
Q

what is the firelands?

A

most of Erie and Huron countries, Sandusky area

50
Q

when was the Conference of Berlin?

A

1884

51
Q

what happened at the Conference of Berlin?

A

countries discussed dividing up Africa for colonization

52
Q

fertility rates of Asia & Latin America have _____ substantially

A

gone down

53
Q

how did Connecticut pursue surveying and selling their land?

A

Connecticut Land Company
(ultimately failed)

54
Q

what is unique about the Connecticut Land Company’s system of surveying land?

A

surveyed with 5 mile townships, rather than the typical 6

55
Q

when did Connecticut officially give back all of the land to the government and why?

A

1800, after failing to profit from the settlement plan

56
Q

who are notable surveyors in the Ohio Company?

A

Rufus Putnam
Benjamin Tupper
Manasseh Cutler

57
Q

what was important to note about townships 8 and 9 under the Ohio Company Purchase?

A

they were considered the college lands, set aside for Ohio University

58
Q

what is the Northwest Indian War?

A

armed conflict to control the Northwest Territory of the United States, fought between the US army and Native American Nations

59
Q

what is the Treaty of Greenville?

A

peace treaty that essentially said the USA could occupy southern Ohio & not northern Ohio

60
Q

what occurred after the Treaty of Greenville?

A

the Northwest Territory had been divided, Native Americans were removed from the land

61
Q

what changes occurred during the Agricultural Revolution?

A

the change from a hunter/gatherer lifestyle to a farm-based/agriculture centered lifestyle

62
Q

what changes occurred during the Industrial Revolution?

A

mechanization of tasks, a movement from artisan production to mass production, heavy increase in use of steam power and fossil fuels

63
Q

when was the first wave of European expansion and colonialism?

A

15th-19th century

64
Q

what is colonialism?

A

establishing control of a territory by a foreign empire or country, the social structure, government, and economy is largely controlled by the outside force

65
Q

what countries participated in the first wave of colonialism?

A

Spain, Portugal, Netherlands, English, and French

66
Q

when was the second wave of colonialism?

A

1870-1945

67
Q

what portion of Africa fell under British control?

A

much of southern and eastern

68
Q

what portion of Africa fell under French control?

A

much of northern and western

69
Q

what is an age-specific fertility?

A

fertility rate based on cohorts

70
Q

where did the Spanish colonize?

A

Caribbean, Central America, and South America

71
Q

where did the Portuguese colonize?

A

Brazil

72
Q

where did the Dutch colonize?

A

New York, Indonesia

73
Q

where did the English settle?

A

East coast of North America

74
Q

where did the French colonize?

A

Canada, the great lakes, Louisiana, Vietnam

75
Q

when did Latin America gain independence?

A

1800s

76
Q

how did Latin American countries gain independence?

A

revolutions closely following the French Revolution

77
Q

what does the phrase “the sun never sets on the British Empire” mean?

A

at that point in time, Great Britain had control over land on every continent in the world

78
Q

what is decolonization?

A

the process by which colonies become independent.

79
Q

what is total fertility rate?

A

the average number of children that would be born to each woman if the current age-specific fertility rates remained constant

80
Q

what is population projection?

A

the number of people expected to be alive at a future date

81
Q

what is life expectancy?

A

the average duration of life beyond any given age

82
Q

what is a census?

A

used to count population and measure change

83
Q

what is the infant mortality rate?

A

number of children who will die before their first birthday (per 1,000 live births)

84
Q

what demographic process is not included in Rate of Natural Increase?

A

immigration

85
Q

what is the difference between the US census and the American Community Survey?

A

Census is every 10 years while the ACS is every year

86
Q

where are the youngest and oldest populations in the world concentrated?

A

youngest - africa
oldest - asia

87
Q

what is a demographic transition model?

A

historical population trends of two demographic characteristics (birth rate and death rate) to suggest that a country’s total population growth rate cycles through stages as that country develops economically

88
Q

what countries have NOT seen a dramatic decline in birth rates?

A

europe & africa as wholes, spain, china

89
Q

what factors explain why birth rates have declined?

A

1) higher costs of raising children
2) rural to urban transition
3) transition away from extended family
4) improved access to contraception and abortion
5) cultural view of children
6) greater autonomy for women

GEOG 1200 (4 decks)

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