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Care and Prevention > Exam 5 Conditions > Flashcards

Exam 5 Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

encephalitis

etiology

A

inflammation of the brain, caused by viral infection, can be caused by immunizations

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2
Q

encephalitis
signs symptoms
red flags

A
  • appear 5-15 days after infected by mosquito, unique to virus, sudden fever, headache, vomiting, photophobia, stiff neck and back, confusion, drowsiness, clumsiness, unsteady gait, and irritability. Due to virus includes rash, lymphadenopathy, parotid enlargement, and hepatosplenomegaly. Symptoms that require emergency treatment include loss of consciousness, seizure, poor responsiveness, muscle weakness, memory loss, sudden and severe dementia, impaired judgement, coma, and paralysis.
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3
Q

encephalitis
diagnose
treatment

A

early referral if they have severe headache, stiff neck, photophobia, and mental disturbances. Diagnostic test is CSF exam and analysis. Can use antivirals for maintenance. Control seizures and cerebral edema. Prognosis is good depending on the infecting agent and speed of treatment.

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4
Q

aseptic meningitis

etiology

A

most common viral infection

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5
Q

aseptic meningitis
signs symptoms
red flags

A

fever, chills, stomachache, painful headache, body aches, photophobia, loss of appetite, vomiting.

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6
Q

aseptic meningitis
diagnose
treatment

A

can be diagnosed with blood tests and CT scans. Treatment includes rest, plenty of water, medication to help with symptoms and pain.

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7
Q

bacterial meningitis

etiology

A

Bacterial is potentially life threatening, can cause permanent brain damage.

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8
Q

bacterial meningitis
signs symptoms
red flags

A

Red flags for bacterial include headache that increases in severity, rapid onset of symptoms, fever up to 104, nausea and vomiting, confusion, drowsiness, progressive lethargy, convulsions or seizures, cervical rigidity, skin rash near armpits, malaise, irritability, photophobia, muscle aches.

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9
Q

bacterial meningitis
diagnose
treatment

A

immediate referral for patients with severe headache, high fever, and stiff neck. Use supportive treatment. Bacterial is medical emergency, outcome depends on speed of when treatment is begun. Diagnosed by CSF spinal fluid. Use of antibiotics, and supportive treatment.

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10
Q

Guillain-Barré syndrome

etiology

A

acute, diffuse demyelinating disorder of the spinal roots and peripheral nerves, autoimmune syndrome often severe and rapidly progressive

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11
Q

Guillain-Barré syndrome
signs symptoms
red flags

A

difficulty with eye muscles and vision, difficulty swallowing, speaking, or chewing, pricking or pins and needles sensations, pain that is severe at night, coordination problems, abnormal heart rate and blood pressure.

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12
Q

Guillain-Barré syndrome
diagnose
treatment

A

treatment includes intravenous immunoglobulin to replace harmful antibodies. Diagnosis includes lumbar puncture and electromyography

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13
Q

headaches

etiology

A

vascular can be caused by spasms of vessels surrounding the brain, can be migraine and cluster headaches. Tension headache is from muscular tension on the cervical spine and cranium. Traction and inflammatory headaches result form other disorders.

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14
Q

headaches
signs symptoms
red flags

A

dull aching head pain, sensation of tightness or pressure across the forehead or sides and back of head. Tenderness of scalp, neck, and shoulder.

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15
Q

headaches
diagnose
treatment

A

treatment includes rest in a quiet room, hot or cold press on head or neck, pain medicine.

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16
Q

migraine

etiology

A

altered central neuronal processing and involvement of trigeminovascular system which causes inflammation.

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17
Q

migraine
signs symptoms
red flags

A

aura, intense throbbing on one side of head, pain with light, noise, and smells, nausea and vomiting, neck pain, sinus symptoms

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18
Q

migraine
diagnose
treatment

A

diagnosis based on medical history and symptoms, neurological exam. Treatment includes heating pads, warm shower or bath, small amounts of caffeine, and pain medication like acetaminophen.

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19
Q

stroke

etiology

A

occlusive is embolic or thrombotic, hemorrhagic strokes.

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20
Q

stroke
signs symptoms
red flags

A

facial drooping, headache, aphasia, dysphasia, hemiparesis, hemiplegia, paresthesia, gait disturbances, incontinence, confusion, agitation, dizziness, and vision problems.

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21
Q

stroke
diagnose
treatment

A

use FAST and activation of EMS, treatment can include blood thinners, tPA to break up clots, maintain airway, determine blood glucose level, protect paralyzed extremities.

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22
Q

multiple sclerosis

etiology

A

neurodegenerative, lifelong chronic disease diagnosed primarily in young adults. Gradual accumulation of focal plaques of demyelination of the brain.

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23
Q

multiple sclerosis
signs symptoms
red flags

A

numbness, depression, vertigo, vision problems, bowel and bladder symptoms, cognitive dysfunction,

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24
Q

multiple sclerosis
diagnose
treatment

A

no cure, recovering from attacks and slowing progression. Diagnosis relies on ruling out other conditions and thorough medical history and exam.

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25
Q

complex regional pain syndrome

etiology

A

overactivity of sympathetic nervous system, can occur after minor injury due to trauma or can be unknown cause.

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26
Q

complex regional pain syndrome
signs symptoms
red flags

A

pain out of proportion to injury that gets worse, severe burning, pathological changes to bone and skin, excessive sweating, tissue swelling, extreme sensitivity to touch.

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27
Q

complex regional pain syndrome
diagnose
treatment

A

diagnosed by observation of symptoms. Can use thermography to detect changes in body temperature. Treatment can include elevation of extremity, injection of local anesthetics, surgical or chemical sympathectomy

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28
Q

epilepsy

etiology

A

clusters of neurons signal abnormally. Can be caused by abnormal brain wiring, an imbalance of neurotransmitters, or combination

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29
Q

epilepsy
signs symptoms
red flags

A

temporary confusion, staring spell, uncontrollable jerking of arms and legs, loss of consciousness or awareness.

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30
Q

epilepsy
diagnose
treatment

A

common diagnostic tools include EEGs and brain scans. Treatment can include medication and surgery.

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31
Q

encaphilitis

prevention

A

report any cases that are caused by arbovirus. For secondary encephalitis prevention includes immunization. Also, can reduce mosquito population.

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32
Q

bacterial meningitis

prevention

A

prevention includes proper hygiene practices such as frequent handwashing and not sharing drinks or utensils. Early diagnosis of bacterial has a better prognosis. Return to play depend on complete resolution of symptoms and medical clearance. If exposed should be given prophyll axis. Can also be vaccinated.

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33
Q

headache

prevention

A

prevention includes avoiding triggers, sleep, eating, exercise, stress, and caffeine reduction.

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34
Q

non-Hodgkin’s’ lymphoma

etiology

A

malignancies of the lymphoreticular system, collection of lymphoid tissues formed by several layers of immune cells from both lymph and reticuloendothelial systems, mean age of 50,

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35
Q

non-Hodgkin’s’ lymphoma
signs symptoms
red flags

A

nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, splenomegaly, palpable abdominal mass, chest pain, dyspnea on exertion, neck masses and enlarged lymph nodes, excessive diaphoresis, weight loss, fatigue, unexplained fevers.

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36
Q

non-Hodgkin’s’ lymphoma
diagnose
treatment

A

refer anyone with enlarged lymph nodes without apparent cause, inexplicable chest pain or dyspnea. Need a lymph node biopsy to confirm, treatment includes radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or both. Prognosis is fair with 35-50% cure rate.

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37
Q

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

etiology

A

malignant disorder of lymphoreticular origin, has Reed-Sternberg cells, peaks from childhood to 25-30, rare in children under 5, more common in Caucasians, higher socioeconomic groups, and males.

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38
Q

Hodgkin’s lymphoma
signs symptoms
red flags

A

enlarged lymph node in lower anterior neck (non-tender), dyspnea, chest pain, cough, intense itching, and intermittent fevers with nocturnal diaphoresis. Can have weight loss and fatigue

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39
Q

Hodgkin’s lymphoma
diagnose
treatment

A

diagnose by biopsy look for Reed-Sternberg cells. Treatment includes radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Prognosis is excellent with 60-99% survival rate.

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40
Q

Leukemia

etiology

A

any cancer of the blood/bone marrow resulting in increased production of WBC, which replaces RBC in the marrow. Can spread through lymph nodes, liver, spleen, and CNS, most common malignancy in children. Risk factors include history of prior radiation therapy, cigarette smoking, history of prior chemotherapy, genetic syndromes, and family history.

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41
Q

Leukemia
signs symptoms
red flags

A

Generalized fatigue, loss of appetite, fevers, enlarged lymph nodes, weakness, pallor, petechiae, ecchymoses, epistaxis, and weight loss, can have splenomegaly or hepatomegaly, can have seizures, blurred vision, headache, and vertigo if in CNS

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42
Q

Leukemia
diagnose
treatment

A

treatment includes radiation therapy, blood and platelet transfusions, and possible bone marrow or stem plan transplant. Prognosis is good in children, fair in adults.

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43
Q

colorectal cancer

etiology

A

overgrowth of tissue in colon or rectum.

44
Q

colorectal cancer
signs symptoms
red flags

A

change in bowel habits, rectal bleeding, abdominal discomfort, weakness, or fatigue

45
Q

colorectal cancer
diagnose
treatment

A

surgery to remove cancer, radiation therapy and chemotherapy.

46
Q

Raynaud’s phenomenon

etiology

A

vasospasm of arteries, primarily in hands, can be in nose, feet, or ears. Primary is Raynaud’s disease if no other cause beyond vasospasm. Secondary is Raynaud’s phenomenon and is caused by a stressor.

47
Q

Raynaud’s phenomenon
signs symptoms
red flags

A

triphasic color response to cold, pallor will appear on digits, skin will turn blue due to cyanosis, will then turn red and be painful/numb when vasospasm reverses itself.

48
Q

Raynaud’s phenomenon
diagnose
treatment

A

eliminate secondary causes, no known cure, manage by avoiding stressors.

49
Q

Systemic Lupus
Erythematosus
etiology

A

A chronic autoimmune disorder potentially affecting many parts of the body: the musculoskeletal system, skin, kidneys, cardiac cells, and nervous system, immune system makes autoantibodies and forms complexes that cause pain and injury, affects women in childbearing year (20-45).

50
Q

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
signs symptoms
red flags

A

muscle aches and pains, arthritis, red rash on face called butterfly rash

51
Q

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
diagnose
treatment

A

treatments goal is to care for acute outbreaks while limiting progression. Prognosis is complicated but good, can have remissions and exacerbations.

52
Q

Fibromyalgia

etiology

A

A chronic, non-inflammatory, diffuse pain syndrome characterized by multiple areas of musculoskeletal pain, sleep disturbances, fatigue, and depression, women out number men seven to one, predominant age for diagnosis is 30-50. Unknown etiology.

53
Q

Fibromyalgia
signs symptoms
red flags

A

severe MS pain with unknown etiology, usually in neck and lower back, comes and goes, moves around, can be increased by emotional or physical trauma.

54
Q

Fibromyalgia
diagnose
treatment

A

Treatment includes counseling, patient education, good sleep habits, exercise, antidepressants, and muscle relaxants.

55
Q

chronic fatigue syndrome-

etiology

A

disabling illness, common in women 30-50,

56
Q

chronic fatigue syndrome-
signs symptoms
red flags

A

severe fatigue persisting over 6 months, cognitive, musculoskeletal, immunological, and neurological systems affected.

57
Q

chronic fatigue syndrome-
diagnose
treatment

A

no specific diagnostic tests. Treatment includes multifactorial approach depending on manifestations.

58
Q

pancreatitis

etiology

A

inflammatory process of the pancreas with intrapancreatic activation of enzymes, 40% caused by blockage of biliary tract by gallstone, 35% can be attributed to alcohol abuse.

59
Q

pancreatitis
signs symptoms
red flags

A

upper abdominal pain, fever, rapid pulse, nausea, vomiting, tenderness when touch abdomen.

60
Q

pancreatitis
diagnose
treatment

A

intravenous fluids, pain medication, low fat diet.

61
Q 
diabetes mellitus (type I and II)- 
etiology
A

body cannot produce or use insulin effectively. Type 1 diabetes body has inability to produce insulin, usually onset under 20. Type 2 diabetes body is unable to use insulin effectively.

62
Q

diabetes mellitus (type I and II)-
signs symptoms
red flags

A

Polydipsia, Polyuria, Polyphagia

63
Q

diabetes mellitus (type I and II)-
diagnose
treatment

A

testing blood glucose and using insulin.

64
Q

hyperthyroidism (Graves’ disease)-

etiology

A

hypermetabolic state caused by excess production of thyroid hormones from thyroid gland. Autoimmune disorder characterized by diffuse toxic goiter or enlargement of the thyroid gland. No known etiology

65
Q

hyperthyroidism (Graves’ disease)-
signs symptoms
red flags

A

Increased heart rate, heart palpitations, difficulty concentrating, shakiness, nervousness, gastrointestinal disturbances, eyelid retraction, depression, menstrual irregularities, panic or anxiety attacks, weight loss despite good appetite, and increased diaphoresis

66
Q

hyperthyroidism (Graves’ disease)-
diagnose
treatment

A

treatment is centered on controlling symptoms and slowing thyroid gland, beta blockers, radioactive iodine, and thyroid surgery.

67
Q

hypothyroidism

etiology

A

metabolic condition caused by thyroid hormone deficiency, most prevalent in women, inflammatory disorder of the thyroid gland called Hashimito’s thyroiditis.

68
Q

hypothyroidism
signs symptoms
red flags

A

fatigue, slowed mental function, cold intolerance, constipation, lethargy, absence of emotion, thinning hair, enlarged tongue, cool, pale, dough like skin, coma, hypothermia, and bradycardia.

69
Q

hypothyroidism
diagnose
treatment

A

use of synthetic thyroid hormone

70
Q

generalized anxiety disorder-

etiology

A

person is worried or nervous about many or most things in life.

71
Q

generalized anxiety disorder-
signs symptoms
red flags

A

anxiety, impaired social, academic, occupational, or relational functioning.

72
Q

generalized anxiety disorder-
diagnose
treatment

A

diagnosis includes excessive daily worry for 6 months, difficulty controlling worry, three or more anxiety symptoms. Treatment includes psychotherapy and medication.

73
Q

panic disorder

etiology

A

episodes that seem to come out of nowhere but are probably in response to an accumulation of stressors. Can be stimulated by an identifiable, acutely stressful event.

74
Q

panic disorder
signs symptoms
red flags

A

chest pain, shortness of breath, sense of danger, rapid heartrate, sweating, trembling, or shaking, chills or hot flashes

75
Q

panic disorder
diagnose
treatment

A

can be diagnosed by primary care provider, physical exam, and blood tests. Treatment includes medication and psychotherapy.

76
Q

posttraumatic stress disorder

etiology

A

overwhelmed by event or series of events and go to great lengths to avoid situations, feelings, or thoughts associated with those experiences.

77
Q

posttraumatic stress disorder
signs symptoms
red flags

A

vivid flashbacks, intrusive thoughts or images, nightmares, intense distress at real or symbolic reminders of trauma, physical sensations such as pain, sweating, nausea, and trembling.

78
Q

posttraumatic stress disorder
diagnose
treatment

A

diagnosis includes physical exam, check for medical problems, and psychological evaluation. Treatment can include medication, therapy, cognitive processing therapy, prolonged exposure therapy.

79
Q

obsessive-compulsive disorder-

etiology

A

persistent thoughts, impulses, or images about exaggerated or imaginary circumstances. Can be intrusive or inappropriate to situation. Compulsive or repetitive behaviors are paired with obsessions.

80
Q

obsessive-compulsive disorder-
signs symptoms
red flags

A

intrusive thoughts, repetitive behaviors.

81
Q

obsessive-compulsive disorder-
diagnose
treatment

A

diagnosis includes physical exam and blood tests, talking about feelings, thoughts, and habits. Treatment includes cognitive behavior therapy and/or medication.

82
Q

seasonal affective disorder-

etiology

A

cause unknown, factors that can affect would be circadian rhythm,
reduces level of sunlight in fall and winter can cause.

83
Q

seasonal affective disorder
signs symptoms
red flags

A

depressed most of the day, lost interest in activities once enjoyed, low energy, problems sleeping, changes in appetite or weight, feeling sluggish or agitated, difficulty concentrating.

84
Q

seasonal affective disorder
diagnose
treatment

A

diagnosis includes blood work and a psychological evaluation. Treatment can include light therapy, medications, and psychotherapy.

85
Q

bipolar disorder

etiology

A

increased risk or trigger if have a first degree relative like a parent or sibling with disorder, periods of high stress or drug or alcohol abuse.

86
Q

bipolar disorder
signs symptoms
red flags

A

uncharacterized periods of anger and aggression, grandiosity and overconfidence, easy tearfulness, frequent sadness, needing little sleep to feel rested, uncharacteristic impulsive behavior, moodiness, confusion, and inattention.

87
Q

bipolar disorder
diagnose
treatment

A

to diagnose usually includes blood work and physical exam, and a psychiatric assessment. Treatment includes medications and psychological counseling.

88
Q

anorexia nervosa

etiology

A

life threatening condition with long term mortality rates approaching 20%, refusal to maintain weight at a minimum of 85% of expected ideal body weight. Intense fear of gaining weight.

89
Q

anorexia nervosa
signs symptoms
red flags

A

obsession with food, calories or dieting, changes in mood and emotional state, distorted body image, excessive exercise, denial or hunger and refusal to eat, engaging in food rituals, alcohol or drug abuse, extreme weight loss.

90
Q

anorexia nervosa
diagnose
treatment

A

to diagnose need a disturbance in way in which one’s body weight or shape is experience, undue influence of body weight or shape on self eval or persistent lack of recognition of seriousness of current low body weight. Treatment includes gaining weight to proper body weight and counseling.

91
Q

bulimia

etiology

A

compensatory acts of restricting food, vomiting, laxative or diuretic use and exercise, binging large amounts of food in secret and a compensatory act to prevent weight gain.

92
Q

bulimia
signs symptoms
red flags

A

episodes of binge eating, self-induced vomiting, smelling like vomit, misuse of laxatives, complaining about body image, expressing guilt or shame about eating, depression, irritability.

93
Q

bulimia
diagnose
treatment

A

to diagnose includes discussion about eating habits, physical exam, blood, and urine tests. Treatment includes nutritional counseling and cognitive behavior therapy.

94
Q

substance abuse and dependence

etiology

A

use of mind- or mood-altering substances takes many forms, can be use, misuse, abuse, and dependence.

95
Q

substance abuse and dependence
signs symptoms
red flags

A

increased alertness, increased energy and restlessness, behavior changes or aggression, rapid speech, dilated pupils, confusion, delusions, and hallucinations.

96
Q

substance abuse and dependence
diagnose
treatment

A

treatment includes counseling and behavior therapy.

97
Q

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

etiology

A
  • Neurobehavioral condition that impairs a
    person’s ability to sustain attention or to control activity and impulses in at least two settings, such as home and school or work
98
Q

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
signs symptoms
red flags

A

carelessness and inattention to detail, poor organizational skills, inability to focus, losing and misplacing items, forgetfulness, restlessness, difficulty keeping quiet.

99
Q

attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder
diagnose
treatment

A

to diagnose doctors interview parents, relatives, and teachers, and watch the individual. Treatment can include behavior therapy and medication.

100
Q

Suicide

etiology

A

stressful life event, having substance abuse problems,

101
Q

Suicide
signs symptoms
red flags

A

previous attempts, depression, alcohol, or drug abuse, divorced or widowed, giving away belongings, living alone or in isolation

102
Q

Suicide
diagnose
treatment

A

refer if showing risk factors, treatment includes medication and counseling.

103
Q

depression

etiology

A

faulty mood regulation by brain, genetic vulnerability, stressful life events, medications, and medical problems.

104
Q

depression
signs symptoms
red flags

A

loss of interest, change in sleep, loss of appetite, depressed mood, lack of concentration, lack of activity, guilt, lack of energy

105
Q

depression
diagnose
treatment

A

refer if showing signs, usually talk with a physician. Treatment includes medication and therapy.

Care and Prevention (6 decks)

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