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Biology 1 > Exam 5 > Flashcards

Exam 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Aristotle

A

Greek naturalist

Tried to perceive how events and things were connected

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2
Q

Great chain of being

A

Idea developed in the 14th century
Each life form or species was a separate link in this chain with the “lowest” life forms at the beginning of the chain, extending on to humans
Everything in the chain was created at the same time and had not changed

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3
Q

Biogeography

A

A discipline in which the world distribution of plants and animals is studied

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4
Q

Comparative anatomy

A

Comparisons of the similarities and differences in the body plans of various groups are made

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5
Q

Fossils are

A

Physical evidence of organisms that lived in the past

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6
Q

Catastrophism

A

Developed by Georges Cuvier (an anatomist)
He believed there was only one time of creation where all the species were made
Global catastrophes wiped out many species and the survivors were left to repopulate the world
All these catastrophes are recorded as fossil evidence in the rocks

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7
Q

Gradualism

A

Idea that slow but continuous processes can eventually add up to big changes
James Hutton

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8
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

Charles Lyell
Geologic processes occurring today are the same processes that occurred in the past, and that these processes happen at the same uniform rate

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9
Q

Inheritance of acquired characteristics

A

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

Traits are inherited after birth

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10
Q

Prevailing beliefs of society can

A

Influence how we interpret clues to natural processes and their observable outcomes

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11
Q

Pre-Darwinian

A 
The earth is young (thousands)
Species don’t change
Adaptation is the work of the creator 
Variations from normal are imperfections
Observations are supposed to support the world views
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12
Q

Post Darwinian

A

The earth is old (billions)
Species are related by descent
Adaptation to the environment involves genetics and environmental conditions
Observation and experimentation are used to test hypotheses, including evolution

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13
Q

Fossil record

A

See succession of life forms over time

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14
Q

Archaeopteryx

A

Prehistoric animal with both reptilian and bird like features

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15
Q

Physical features often determine

A

Where a population can spread

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16
Q

Homologous structures

A

Have same structure but different functions

Basic plan originated with an ancestor and is then modified

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17
Q

Vestigial structures

A

Anatomical features that are fully developed and functional in one group of organisms but reduced and functionless in similar groups
Ex: human appendix

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18
Q

Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny

A

This means development repeats ancestral history

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19
Q

Biochemical similarities and differences among species are

A

Clues to their relatedness

Proteins present in organisms that are exactly or nearly the same

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20
Q

Natural selection

A

When nature “does the selecting” for which organism survives and which one doesn’t
Brings about adaptation to the environment

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21
Q

The environment is constantly changing so

A

Is it important to maintain a variety or diversity in the gene pools of populations so populations can evolve or change through time as the environment changes

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22
Q

Natural selection outlined by Darwin

A

Populations have variations which are inherited
More individuals are born each generation than can survive and reproduce
Some individuals have adaptive characteristics that enable them to survive/reproduce better than other individuals
An increasing proportion of individuals in succeeding generations have the helpful characteristics
The result is a population that is adapted to its local environment

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23
Q

Alfred Wallace

A

A naturalist

came up with the idea of evolution by natural selection

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24
Q

Missing links are fossils of

A

Transitional or intermediate forms between two major groups of organisms

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25
Q

Artificial selection

A

When humans dedicar which organisms will mate with one another

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26
Q

Evolution is

A

Change through time

Change in allele (gene) frequencies through time

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27
Q

Unit of evolution is

A

The population

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28
Q

Individuals cannot

A

Evolve

The population evolves!!

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29
Q

Variations arise

A

Through mutation and are essential to the process of natural selection and evolution
Random

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30
Q

Kinds of variation seen within populations can include

A 
Morphological/physical traits
Physiological traits related to body functions
Behavioral traits (basic instincts, courtship displays, etc)
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31
Q

Gene pool

A

Consists of all the genes or alleles in all individuals belonging to the population

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32
Q

Alleles

A

Alternative forms or varieties of a particular gene

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33
Q

5 factors are responsible for the mix of alleles

A

Gene mutations (only way to create new alleles)
Crossing over in meiosis (shuffles alleles into new combinations)
Independent assortment during meiosis (mix of parent chromosomes in gametes)
Fertilization (brings together new combinations of alleles from parents)
Changes in chromosome number or structure (resulting from loss, duplication, or mutation of alleles)

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34
Q

Environmental conditions can play a role in

A

The type of genes or alleles inherited

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35
Q

Allele frequencies

A

Refer to the abundance of each kind of allele in a population as a whole
Written as decimal
Just because a trait is dominant, does NOT mean that it is the one that shows up most often!!
Depends on allele frequencies

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36
Q

Genetic equilibrium

A

Allele frequencies are stable and are not changing over time and through generations
We measure allele frequencies and genetic equilibrium to determine if evolution is occurring
If frequencies change, evolution is happening

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37
Q

Allele frequencies will not change and no evolution will occur if

A

There are no mutations
No generic drift
No gene flow (immigrating/emigrating and mating)
No natural selection
Mating is random
These will never occur at the same time in populations!!
For no evolution to occur, all five would have to happen at the same time

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38
Q

Natural selection results in

A

Adaptation to the environment

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39
Q

The Hardy-Weinberg Rule

A

An equation used to determine if allele frequencies have changed over time
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

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40
Q

P equals

A

Frequency of dominant allele

41
Q

Q equals

A

The frequency of the recessive allele

42
Q

Mutation

A

Heritable change of DNA that can alter gene expression
Most mutations are harmful
Some are neutral/have no effect
Some are beneficial

43
Q

Genetic drift

A

Random change in allele frequencies over the generations as a result of chance
Most often occurs in small populations because they have smaller gene pools
Ex: founder effect and bottleneck effect

44
Q

Founder effect

A

Occurs when a few individuals break away from a larger population and establish a new population
The gene pool of the new population may be quite different from the one left behind

45
Q

Population bottleneck

A

Occurs when disease, starvation, or some other stressful event wipes out most of a large population
The few individuals left have a smaller gene pool with less variation
Alleles can be lost during bottleneck events

46
Q

Gene flow

A

Immigration and emigration

Physical flow of alleles as individuals leave one population and enter another

47
Q

Natural selection

A

Difference in survival and reproduction among individuals that differ in one or more traits

48
Q

Directional selection

A

Allele frequencies shift away from the average and go in one direction
Result is a trait or traits at one end of the range of variation become more common

49
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

The most common form of the trait is favored and the individuals possessing the extreme traits at each end of the spectrum of variation become fewer in number and may disappear altogether

50
Q

Disruptive selection

A

Selection in which both extreme forms in the range of variation are favored and the average forms are selected against

51
Q

Balanced polymorphism

A

Occurs when natural selection maintains two or more alleles over the generations at frequencies greater than one percent

52
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

Occurrence of phenotypic differences between males and females of a given species
Males and females look different and are easy to tell apart
Outcome of sexual selection

53
Q

Sexual selection

A

Trait gives an individual an advantage in reproductive success

54
Q

Gene flow depends on

A

The mode of locomotion or dispersal of an organism

How fast and how long an organism can move in response to environmental factors or its own hormones

55
Q

Speciation

A

Changes in allele frequencies that are significant enough to mark formation of daughter species from a parental species

56
Q

Biological species

A

One or more populations of individuals can interbreed under natural conditions and produce fertile offspring that are reproductively isolated from other populations

57
Q

Genetic divergence

A

Buildup of differences in gene pools of two or more separated populations
By way of genetic drift, mutations, etc

58
Q

Isolating mechanism

A

Any heritable aspect of body form, physiology or behavior that prevents interbreeding (gene flow) between genetically divergent populations

59
Q

Prezygotic isolation

A

Mating is prevented or zygote formation is prevented

60
Q

Temporal isolation

A

(Time)

Organisms breed at different times of year (seasons)

61
Q

Behavioral isolation

A

Organisms have different courtship behaviors

62
Q

Mechanical isolation

A

Sex (copulatory) organs don’t fit or are incompatible

63
Q

Gametic mortality

A

Gametes of different species are often incompatible and won’t fuse

64
Q

Ecological isolation

A

Potential mates live in different local habitats within some area and it is unlikely that they would come in contact with one another for mating

65
Q

Postzygotic isolation

A

The hybrids formed are infertile or sterile

66
Q

Zygote morality

A

Egg is fertilized by the sperm but the zygote or embryo dies

67
Q

Hybrid inviability

A

Hybrid organism is produced but has low fitness (sickly)

68
Q

Hybrid offspring

A

Hybrids are sterile or partially

69
Q

Evolutionary tree diagram

A

Represents the relationships of organisms in their descent from common ancestors

70
Q

Gradualist model of speciation

A

Speciation occurs gradually as many small changes in form (ex mutations) build up over time

71
Q

Punctuated model of speciation

A

Speciation occurs abruptly

Long periods of no change and short periods of rapid change

72
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

Bursts of small changes within a lineage
Result is Formation of many new species in a wide range of habitats
Occurs in an area with many unfilled niches

73
Q

3 things that may result in adaptive radiation

A

Physical access - a one age of organisms is present when an adaptive zone opens up
Evolutionary access - if some body structure or structure is modified, this may allow a lineage to exploit the environment in improved ways
Ecological access - a lineage can enter an unoccupied adaptive zone or outcompete the resident species

74
Q

Background extinction

A

Expected rate of the inevitable disappearance of species as local conditions change

75
Q

Mass extinction

A

An abrupt rise in extinction rates above the background level
These extinctions are catastrophic global events where family levels are wiped out simultaneously

76
Q

Type of organisms hardest hit by mass extinctions are

A

Ones that have highly specialized life styles or survival requirements

77
Q

Generalist organisms have a better time surviving mass extinction events because

A

They are widely dispersed across the earth and aren’t picky about food, habitats, etc

78
Q

Macroevolution

A

Refers to large scale patterns, trends, and rates of change among group species
Major phenotypic changes

79
Q

Fossilization

A

Occurs when organisms become buried in sediments or volcanic ash

80
Q

Stratisfication

A

Layering of sedimentary deposits

Oldest layers are at bottom

81
Q

Soft bodied organisms are not as well preserved as

A

Those organisms with hard shells or bones

82
Q

Comparative morphology

A

Comparison of anatomical features of major lineage

83
Q

All vertebrates are

A

Evolutionarily connected to one another

Evidence is embryological development

84
Q

Development

A

Repeats ancestral history

“Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny”

85
Q

Major differences in adult forms of related lineages may be brought by

A

Mutations

Can result in changes in shape

86
Q

Morphological divergence

A

Macroevolutionary pattern of change from a common ancestor

How body form changes among divergent groups

87
Q

Homology

A

Similarity in one or more body parts in different organisms that is attributable to descent from a common ancestor

88
Q

Morphological convergence

A

When two or more unrelated groups develop similar patterns of body structures because of similar environmental pressures on those groups

89
Q

Analogy

A

Refers to the similarity in body parts among distantly related organisms because of similar environmental pressures (closely related to morphological convergence)

90
Q

Analogous structures

A

Have same function but a different structure of pattern of arrangement

91
Q

Biochemical similarities and differences among species are clues to their

A

Evolutionary relatedness

92
Q

Classification schemes are important because

A

They organize information about species and simplify its retrieval

93
Q

Phylogenetic schemes attempt to

A

Reflect the evolutionary relationship among species

94
Q

Systematics

A

Branch of biology that deals with patterns of diversity in an evolutionary context

95
Q

Taxonomy

A

Naming and identifying organisms

96
Q

Phylogenetic reconstruction

A

Identification of evolutionary patterns that unite different organisms
Based on fossil record and observations of living organisms

97
Q

Classification

A

Retrieval systems that consist of many hierarchical levels or ranks (like kingdom, phylum, etc.)

98
Q

Systematics approaches patterns in 3 ways:

A

Taxonomy
Phylogenetic reconstruction
Classification

Biology 1 (5 decks)

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