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Biology 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Characteristics of Life

Living things…

A 
are organized
metabolize
interdependent
sense and respond to change (adapt)
can reproduce
can mutate
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2
Q

Unity of life refers to

A

How all living things are the same

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3
Q

Diversity of life refers to

A

How living things are different from one another

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4
Q

Homeostasis

A

The ability to adapt and respond to change

Maintenance of internal conditions

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5
Q

3 domains of life

A

Bacteria (single cells, prokaryotic)
Archaea (single cells, prokaryotic)
Eukarya (single and multi-celled, eukaryotic)

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6
Q

6 kingdom system of classification

A 
Archaea (thermophiles)
Bacteria (cocci)
Protista (algae)
Fungi (molds)
Plantae 
Animalia
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7
Q

Levels of classification

A 
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum 
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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8
Q

Scientific names consist of

A

The genus and specific epithet

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9
Q

Rules of naming

A

The first letter of genus name is capitalized
The specific epithet is all lower case letters
The scientific name must be italicized or underlined

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10
Q

Science

A

The asking and answering of testable questions

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11
Q

Testable questions

A 
What
How 
Who
When
Where
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12
Q

Non testable question

A

Why

Implies bias, belief, etc.

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13
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

Applies general principles to predict specific results

General to specific

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14
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

Uses specific observations to construct general, specific principles

Specific to general

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15
Q

Scientific method

A

Ask a question, identify a problem
Form hypothesis
Make a prediction, based on the hypothesis
Test the hypothesis by making observations, doing experiments
Conclusion

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16
Q

Experimental (independent) variable

A

Factor being tested, what is varied

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17
Q

Dependent variable

A

Result of change that occurs because of altering the experimental value

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18
Q

Control group

A

Group that undergoes all steps of the experiment except the item being tested

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19
Q

Numerical data is important because

A

Numbers are objective and easier to compare

Can be analyzed statistically

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20
Q

Hypothesis

A

Idea about how something works, how it acts
Can never be proven
Only supported/disproven

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21
Q

Theory

A

Hypotheses that have been supported by hundreds of experiments and never disproven
Broad

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22
Q

Law

A

Descriptions of natural phenomena (law of gravity)

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23
Q

Matter

A

Anything that has mass and takes up space

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24
Q

Element

A

Pure substance made of only one type of atom

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25
Q

Atom

A

Smallest unit of an element that still has all of the properties of that element

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26
Q

Isotopes

A

Atoms of an element that have different number of protons

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27
Q

Molecule

A

Smallest unit of a compound that has all the properties of the compound

28
Q

The reactivity of an atom is determined by

A

The number of electrons in its outermost shell

29
Q

Remember shells

A

2
8
8
18

30
Q

Ionic bonds

A

Involves a transfer of electrons between atoms

31
Q

Covalent bonds

A

Involves a sharing of electrons between or among atoms

32
Q

Polar bonds

A

Involves unequal sharing of electrons

Results in partially positive and partially negative portions

33
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Form between the partially positive hydrogen and partially negative portion of another molecule

34
Q

Van der waals interactions

A

Results from movements of electrons in atoms

Changing regions of positive and negative charge

35
Q

Properties of water

A 
Universal solvent
Adheres and is cohesive
Resists changes in temperature
Resists changes in state
Less dense as a solid than as a liquid
36
Q

Acid

A

Any substance that releases hydrogen ions into solution

37
Q

Base

A

Any substance that releases hydroxide ions into solution

38
Q

Buffer

A

A substance that can regulate pH

39
Q

pH scale

A 
0
Most acidic
7
Neutral
14
Most basic
40
Q

10 fold difference on the pH scale!

A

pH 3 is 1000 times more acidic than pH 6

6-3=3
So 3 zeros go behind the 1

41
Q

Carbon is ideal for forming the molecules of life because

A

Carbon can share electrons with up to 4 other atoms

42
Q

Carbohydrates contain

A

C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio

43
Q

Monosaccharides

A

6 carbon sugar
Glucose
Used as immediate energy source

44
Q

Disaccharides

A

12 carbon sugars
Sucrose
Used as transport sugar in plants

45
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Polymers of glucose
Starch (plants)
Glycogen (animals)
Cellulose (plant cell walk structure, rough)

46
Q

Condensation / Dehydration reaction

A

Formation of large macromolecules from smaller subunits through the removal of water

47
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Splits water

Breakdown large macromolecules into smaller subunits by the addition of water

48
Q

Lipids

A

Fatty substances
Made of fatty acids
Nonpolar

49
Q

Triglycerides

A

Fats (solids) and oils (liquids)
Made of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Used for long term energy storage

50
Q

Saturated fats

A

Tend to come from animal sources
Ex: butter
Solid at room temperature
Have carbon atoms that hold all the hydrogen they possibly can

51
Q

Unsaturated fats

A

Tend to come from plant sources
Liquids — oil
Vegetable oil
Have one or more double bonded carbons and don’t hold all the hydrogen possible

52
Q

If the # of H’s equals twice the # of C’s plus two, then

A

The fat is saturated (solid)

53
Q

Waxes

A

Made of fatty acid and alcohol

Used as protective coverings or barriers

54
Q

Phospholipids

A

Made of 1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group
Polar head and nonpolar tails
Found in cell membranes

55
Q

Steroids

A 
Ring compounds with different functional groups
Cholesterol 
Testosterone
Aldosterone
Estrogen 
(STER) for steroids
56
Q

Proteins

A

Polypeptides = polymers of amino acids

Ex: enzymes, myosin and actin, insulin, hemoglobin, collagen

57
Q

The shape of a protein

A

Determines its function

58
Q

Denature a protein

A

Temperature and pH can both change protein shape

59
Q

Cold temperatures do not

A

Denature proteins

60
Q

Primary structure

A

The order of sequence of amino acids in the protein

61
Q

Secondary structure

A

Pattern or arrangement of the protein molecule
Alpha helix
B pleated sheet

62
Q

Tertiary structure

A

Refers to the 3D shape that results from the protein folding back on itself
Globular

63
Q

Quaternary structure

A

When 2 or more protein molecules are linked together

Ex: hemoglobin

64
Q

Nucleotides

A

Made of sugar, phosphate, nitrogen-containing base
ATP energy carrier
Coenzymes assist enzymes

65
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Polymers of nucleotides
DNA - genetic material
RNA - involved in protein synthesis

Biology 1 (5 decks)

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