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Biology 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of Life

Living things…

A 
are organized
metabolize
interdependent
sense and respond to change (adapt)
can reproduce
can mutate
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2
Q

Unity of life refers to

A

How all living things are the same

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3
Q

Diversity of life refers to

A

How living things are different from one another

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4
Q

Homeostasis

A

The ability to adapt and respond to change

Maintenance of internal conditions

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5
Q

3 domains of life

A

Bacteria (single cells, prokaryotic)
Archaea (single cells, prokaryotic)
Eukarya (single and multi-celled, eukaryotic)

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6
Q

6 kingdom system of classification

A 
Archaea (thermophiles)
Bacteria (cocci)
Protista (algae)
Fungi (molds)
Plantae 
Animalia
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7
Q

Levels of classification

A 
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum 
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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8
Q

Scientific names consist of

A

The genus and specific epithet

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9
Q

Rules of naming

A

The first letter of genus name is capitalized
The specific epithet is all lower case letters
The scientific name must be italicized or underlined

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10
Q

Science

A

The asking and answering of testable questions

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11
Q

Testable questions

A 
What
How 
Who
When
Where
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12
Q

Non testable question

A

Why

Implies bias, belief, etc.

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13
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

Applies general principles to predict specific results

General to specific

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14
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

Uses specific observations to construct general, specific principles

Specific to general

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15
Q

Scientific method

A

Ask a question, identify a problem
Form hypothesis
Make a prediction, based on the hypothesis
Test the hypothesis by making observations, doing experiments
Conclusion

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16
Q

Experimental (independent) variable

A

Factor being tested, what is varied

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17
Q

Dependent variable

A

Result of change that occurs because of altering the experimental value

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18
Q

Control group

A

Group that undergoes all steps of the experiment except the item being tested

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19
Q

Numerical data is important because

A

Numbers are objective and easier to compare

Can be analyzed statistically

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20
Q

Hypothesis

A

Idea about how something works, how it acts
Can never be proven
Only supported/disproven

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21
Q

Theory

A

Hypotheses that have been supported by hundreds of experiments and never disproven
Broad

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22
Q

Law

A

Descriptions of natural phenomena (law of gravity)

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23
Q

Matter

A

Anything that has mass and takes up space

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24
Q

Element

A

Pure substance made of only one type of atom

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25
Atom
Smallest unit of an element that still has all of the properties of that element
26
Isotopes
Atoms of an element that have different number of protons
27
Molecule
Smallest unit of a compound that has all the properties of the compound
28
The reactivity of an atom is determined by
The number of electrons in its outermost shell
29
Remember shells
2 8 8 18
30
Ionic bonds
Involves a transfer of electrons between atoms
31
Covalent bonds
Involves a sharing of electrons between or among atoms
32
Polar bonds
Involves unequal sharing of electrons | Results in partially positive and partially negative portions
33
Hydrogen bonds
Form between the partially positive hydrogen and partially negative portion of another molecule
34
Van der waals interactions
Results from movements of electrons in atoms | Changing regions of positive and negative charge
35
Properties of water
``` Universal solvent Adheres and is cohesive Resists changes in temperature Resists changes in state Less dense as a solid than as a liquid ```
36
Acid
Any substance that releases hydrogen ions into solution
37
Base
Any substance that releases hydroxide ions into solution
38
Buffer
A substance that can regulate pH
39
pH scale
``` 0 Most acidic 7 Neutral 14 Most basic ```
40
10 fold difference on the pH scale!
pH 3 is 1000 times more acidic than pH 6 6-3=3 So 3 zeros go behind the 1
41
Carbon is ideal for forming the molecules of life because
Carbon can share electrons with up to 4 other atoms
42
Carbohydrates contain
C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio
43
Monosaccharides
6 carbon sugar Glucose Used as immediate energy source
44
Disaccharides
12 carbon sugars Sucrose Used as transport sugar in plants
45
Polysaccharides
Polymers of glucose Starch (plants) Glycogen (animals) Cellulose (plant cell walk structure, rough)
46
Condensation / Dehydration reaction
Formation of large macromolecules from smaller subunits through the removal of water
47
Hydrolysis
Splits water | Breakdown large macromolecules into smaller subunits by the addition of water
48
Lipids
Fatty substances Made of fatty acids Nonpolar
49
Triglycerides
Fats (solids) and oils (liquids) Made of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids Used for long term energy storage
50
Saturated fats
Tend to come from animal sources Ex: butter Solid at room temperature Have carbon atoms that hold all the hydrogen they possibly can
51
Unsaturated fats
Tend to come from plant sources Liquids — oil Vegetable oil Have one or more double bonded carbons and don’t hold all the hydrogen possible
52
If the # of H’s equals twice the # of C’s plus two, then
The fat is saturated (solid)
53
Waxes
Made of fatty acid and alcohol | Used as protective coverings or barriers
54
Phospholipids
Made of 1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group Polar head and nonpolar tails Found in cell membranes
55
Steroids
``` Ring compounds with different functional groups Cholesterol Testosterone Aldosterone Estrogen (STER) for steroids ```
56
Proteins
Polypeptides = polymers of amino acids | Ex: enzymes, myosin and actin, insulin, hemoglobin, collagen
57
The shape of a protein
Determines its function
58
Denature a protein
Temperature and pH can both change protein shape
59
Cold temperatures do not
Denature proteins
60
Primary structure
The order of sequence of amino acids in the protein
61
Secondary structure
Pattern or arrangement of the protein molecule Alpha helix B pleated sheet
62
Tertiary structure
Refers to the 3D shape that results from the protein folding back on itself Globular
63
Quaternary structure
When 2 or more protein molecules are linked together | Ex: hemoglobin
64
Nucleotides
Made of sugar, phosphate, nitrogen-containing base ATP energy carrier Coenzymes assist enzymes
65
Nucleic acids
Polymers of nucleotides DNA - genetic material RNA - involved in protein synthesis

Biology 1 (5 decks)

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