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Biology 1 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Diploid (2N)

A

Having 2 complete sets of chromosomes per cell

N=one complete set of chromosomes

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2
Q

All somatic (body) cells, except for __ are diploid

A

Egg and sperm cells (sex cells)

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3
Q

Haploid (N)

A

Having one set of chromosomes per cell

Only sex cells are haploid

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4
Q

2 kinds of nuclear division

A

Mitosis

Meiosis

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5
Q

Mitosis

A

Ordinary nuclear cell division for growth and repair

Occurs in somatic (body) cells

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6
Q

Meiosis

A

Nuclear division

For producing sex cells

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7
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of the cytoplasm and it’s contents
In plant cells, a cell plate forms that divides the cell into 2 daughter cells
In animal cells, the plasma membrane pinches inward

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8
Q

Control of the cell cycle

A

Outside influences ex: growth hormone or other hormones
Adhesion to a solid surface: in order to divide, the cell must be able to push neighboring cells or some other solid surface
Contact inhibition: cells will stop dividing when they touch or contact neighboring cells

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9
Q

Cancer

A

Uncontrolled mitosis

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10
Q

Benign

A 
Not life threatening (not cancerous)
Cells are differentiated
Encapsulated
Uniform shape
Do not metastasize
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11
Q

Malignant

A 
Can be life threatening (cancerous)
Undifferentiated
Not encapsulated
Can metastasize 
Can have feeders, not uniform in shape
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12
Q

3 things cell division accomplishes

A

Reproduction (single-celled organisms)
Growth, maintenance (repair), renewal (multicellular)
Maintenance of an adequate surface area to volume ratio

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13
Q

Prokaryotic DNA (bacteria)

A

Consists of a single loop of DNA: located in the nucleoid region of cell
Undergo binary fission

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14
Q

Eukaryotic DNA

A

Consists of larger chromosomes located in nucleus

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15
Q

Binary fission

A 
Mitosis without organelles inside
Single prokaryotic cell
DNA replicates
Cell elongates and DNA loops separate
Plasma membrane pinches in
Produces 2 identical daughter cells
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16
Q

DNA

A

Genetic material

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17
Q

Chromatin

A

Loosely arranged form of DNA

Seen when cell is not dividing actively

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18
Q

Chromosome

A

Condensed or compact version of DNA

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19
Q

Chromatid

A

Half of a duplicated chromosome

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20
Q

Centromere

A

Constructed region of the chromosome

Holds the sister chromatid together until division

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21
Q

Concerning eukaryotes:

A 
We can count the # of chromosomes in a species
Humans (46)
Chimpanzee (48)
Dog (78)
Potato (48)
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22
Q

Mitosis

A 
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Produces two genetically identical daughter cells
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23
Q

Interphase

A

Somatic cell containing chromatin

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24
Q

Prophase

A

Nuclear membrane breaks down

Chromatin condensed into chromosomes

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25
Q

Late prophase

A

Chromosomes replicate

Twice as much DNA in cell at this point

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26
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up single file along the equator

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27
Q

Anaphase

A

Sister chromatids separate

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28
Q

Telophase

A

Nucleoplasm pinches in

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29
Q

Late telophase

A

Nuclear membrane reforms

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30
Q

Features of mitosis

A

One nuclear division
Sister chromatids separate
Diploid to diploid
Produces two genetically identical daughter cells

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31
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Reproduction by binary fission or mitosis
Only requires one organism or cell
Daughter cells are clones of each other

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32
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Reproduction through the fusion of male and female gametes (sex cells)
Requires two different organisms
Produces offspring that are genetically different/diverse

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33
Q

Meiosis

A

Nuclear division for the production of gametes (or eggs and sperm)
Only occurs in testes and ovaries
For plants: in the anthers of male part and ovary of female part

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34
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Matched pairs of chromosomes that carry genes for the same types of traits (even though the expression may be different)
One homolog comes from Dad, the other homolog comes from Mom

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35
Q

Meiosis (reduction division)

A 
The number of chromosomes will be reduced by half
Interphase 1 
Prophase 1
Metaphase 1
Anaphase 1 
Telophase 1 
prophase 2
Metaphase 2
Telophase 2
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36
Q

Interphase 1

A

Cell in ovaries or testes with chromatin

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37
Q

Prophase 1

A

Nuclear membrane breaks down

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes

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38
Q

Late prophase 1

A

Chromosomes replicate

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39
Q

Metaphase 1

A

Homologous chromosomes pair up side by side along the equator

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40
Q

Metaphase 1

A

Homologous pairs separate

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41
Q

Telophase 1

A

Nucleoplasm pinches in

42
Q

Late telophase 1 into prophase 2

A

2 haploid daughter cells

No more DNA replication

43
Q

Meiosis 2

Metaphase 2

A

Chromosomes line up single file along equator

44
Q

Telophase 2

A

Sister chromatids separate

Produces 4 haploid daughter cells that are different from each other and from the parent cell

45
Q

Crossing over

A

Occurs only in meiosis
Exchange of parts of chromosomes between homologous pairs (this is usually an equal exchange)
Significance: adds to genetic diversity

46
Q

Features of meiosis

A

Two nuclear divisions to complete the process
Homologous pairs separate first, then the sister chromatids separate
Diploid to haploid

47
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Formation of sperm cells via meiosis

4 viable sperm cells are produced with each round of meiosis

48
Q

Oogenesis

A

Formation of egg cells via meiosis

Only one egg and 2 or 3 polar bodies are produced with each round of meiosis

49
Q

Offspring of sexually reproducing organisms do not

A

Resemble either parent exactky because the offspring receive half of their genes from each parent

50
Q

Blending hypothesis

A

Parents of contrasting appearance always produce offspring of intermediate appearance
(Incorrect)
This is actually incomplete dominance

51
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

Austrian monk who taught science and was also trained in math

52
Q

Mendel’s experiments

A

Worked with garden peas
Gathered data that could be analyzed mathematically
Peas are easy to grow, have a short generation time, produce lots of offspring, have easily discernible traits, can be crossbred

53
Q

Particulate theory

A

Genes are inherited and passed on as discrete units (proposed by Mendel)

54
Q

Allele

A

Alternative form of a gene

55
Q

Dominant allele

A

Allele that masks the expression of another allele

Trait that is shown

56
Q

Recessive allele

A

Allele that has its expression masked in the presence of a dominant allele

57
Q

Homozygous

A

Having two identical alleles for a given trait

Same

58
Q

Heterozygous

A

Having two different alleles for a given trait

59
Q

Genotype

A

The actual alleles possessed by an organism

Ex: TT, Tt, tt

60
Q

Phenotype

A

The physical, chemical, or behavioral expression of alleles
Word description of the trait
What can be seen
Ex: tall, short, black, white, etc.

61
Q

Reciprocal cross

A

Actually 2 crosses

62
Q

Mendel’s Las of Segregation

A

Each organism contains 2 factors for each trait
These 2 factors separate during the formation of gametes so that each gamete contains only one factor for each trait
Upon fertilization, the new zygote (organism) has 2 factors for each trait (one from each parent)

63
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

In a monohybrid cross when both parents are heterozygous for a completely dominant trait, we expect a 3:1 phenotypic ratio among the offspring

64
Q

Genotypic ratio

A

Lists the proportions of each genotype obtained in a genetic cross

65
Q

Phenotypic cross

A

Lists the proportions of each phenotype obtained in a genetic cross

66
Q

Testcross

A

Cross between a dominant phenotype organism and a double recessive organism (always use a double recessive as a mate)
Reason to do a test cross is to figure out if the dominant phenotype organism is homozygous or heterozygous
If the dominant phenotype is homozygous, then ALL the offspring will show the dominant trait
If some or any offspring show the recessive trait, then we know the dominant phenotype parent is heterozygous

67
Q

In a dihybrid cross With both parents heterozygous for both traits

A

A 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio is expected

68
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

Pattern of inheritance in which the heterozygous shows a phenotype that is intermediate between the phenotypes if either of the homozygotes
The genotypic and phenotypic ratios are the same

69
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

Genetic cross that involves 2 different genetic traits

70
Q

Mendel’s rule of independent assortment

A

Alleles of different gene pairs assort (separate) independently of one another so that all possible combinations show up in gametes
FOIL

71
Q

Genotypes

A

Always diploid
Genes come in pairs
Aa, AA

72
Q

Gametes

A

Haploid
Single gene/allele
A

73
Q

Codominance

A

Pattern of inheritance in which the heterozygotes shows both traits to their full extent

74
Q

Multiple alleles (blood types)

A

There are more than 2 alternative alleles for a given genetic trait
Individuals only posses 2 alleles at a time

75
Q

Rh factor

A

Separate protein that may be on the red blood cells
Rh+(dominant)
Rh-(recessive)
If the mom is Rh- and carries an Rh+ baby, then problems can arise

76
Q

RhO gum

A

Artificial antibodies shot of antibodies given several times during pregnancy and right before birth

77
Q

Genes

A

Code for proteins, enzymes, hormones

78
Q

Phenotypes

A

Can be altered when an individual inherits an allele that codes for a defective gene product

79
Q

Epistasis

A

Involves two different gene pairs
One pair of genes masks the expression of the other pair of genes
Ex: Albinism

80
Q

In a dihybrid cross…

A

If a modification of the 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio is seen, then epistasis should be suspected

81
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

Refers to traits in which several to many pairs of alleles influence the trait
Ex: height, eye color, skin color
These are quantitative or additive traits
Each contributing allele adds a bit more to the expression of the trait

82
Q

Most traits are not 100%

A

Genetic

Both genes and environment work together to determine phenotype

83
Q

Genes are located

A

On chromosomes, depending on the size of the chromosome, it may contain hundreds or thousands of genes

84
Q

Autosomes

A

Any chromosome that is NOT a sex chromosome

Humans have 22 pairs of autosomes (then a pair of sex chromosomes)

85
Q

Sex chromosomes determine

A 
The sex of the organism
Humans have one pair
Female: XX
Male: XY
(X chromosome is a lot larger than Y chromosome)
86
Q

Karyotype

A

Arrangement of the chromosomes of an individual
The chromosomes are arranged from largest pair to smallest pair
The sex chromosomes are the 23rd pair

87
Q

Karyotypes can show

A

Sex
Extra or missing chromosomes
Broken chromosomes
Translocations

88
Q

Linkage group

A

Refers to all the genes located on a particular chromosome
The genes are linked to that chromosome
The closer 2 genes are on a given chromosome, the more tightly they are linked
The genes travel together and will not be separated as often by crossing over/recombination

89
Q

Sex linked genes

A

Genes that are located on sex chromosomes
X-linked are on the X chromosome
Y-linked are on the Y chromosome

90
Q

X linked traits

A

Red green color blindness
Hemophilia
Fragile x syndrome
All of these are recessive traits

91
Q

Y linked traits

A 
SRY gene (turns on the testosterone)
Hairy ears
92
Q

Sex-influenced traits

A

Show up in both sexes, but they show up more often in one sex than the other

93
Q

Mutation

A

Permanent change in the DNA of a gene or chromosome

Mutations can be passed to offspring if they occur in gametes

94
Q

Polyploidy

A

Having more than 2 complete sets of chromosomes per cell

95
Q

Ploidy

A

Sets

96
Q

Somy

A

Individual chromosomes

97
Q

Monosomy

A

Having on copy of a particular chromosome (2N-1)

98
Q

Trisomy

A

Having 3 copies of a particular chromosomes (2N+1)

99
Q

The cause of monosomy and trisomy is

A

Nondisjunction

The failure of chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis

100
Q

Inversion

A

Piece of chromosome breaks loose, turns 180° and rejoins in the opposite/reverse direction
ABCDEFG
ABCDFEG

101
Q

Translocation

A

Piece of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to a different (nonhomologous) chromosome
ABCDEFG
ABCDMN

102
Q

Deletion

A

Piece of chromosome is lost
ABCDEFG
BCDEFG

Biology 1 (5 decks)

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