Exam 5 Flashcards
What do changes in charged minerals do yo oxidation/reduction reactions in your body and how do the deficiencies or toxities affect the cell membrane?
- superoxide radicals, they are protective of cells in your body
Young birds need ________, and old birds need __________
- amino acids, energy
Macrominerals
1) calcium*
2) phosphorous*
3) sodium
4) chloride
5) potassium
6) magnesium*
7) sulfur
Primary energy ingredients for broilers
Cereal grains and fats
1) corn
2) wheat
3) milo
4) fats
What happens to amount eaten as quality of feed declines?
- intake decreases as forage quality declines
What is the interaction between vitamin E and selenium?
- they have a sparing effect on eachother
What is the most important nutrient?
- water
What type of diet would you feed for weight gain?
- high fat, palatability
Diagram with lipid and aqueous phase
- the lipid phase corrects the fatty acid while the aqueous phase fixes vitamin E
Lipid phase:
- Superoxide radicals damage cell membrane through lipid peroxidation
- Vit E grabs the electron
- Phospholipase helps move the electron down the chain to glutathione peroxidase(GP)
- GP passes electron to NADPH
- NADPH (from niacin) converted to NAD, pathway ends
- Fatty acid is fixed
Aqueous phase:
- The same process occurs, but instead outside of the membrane. The only difference is that glutathione participates instead of GP. This time the vitamin E was fixed after the electron messed it up.
TOC= vitamin E ASC= vitamin C GPX= glutathione peroxidase
Functions of zinc?
1) it is a cofactor in some enzymes like carbonic anhydrase
2) it is a structural component to some proteins
- cytosolic superoxide dismutase
- zinc fingers of DNA binding proteins (important in sex steroid regulation of gene transcription)
Zinc deficiency
1) Anorexia
2) fissures at the corners of mouth
3) poor hair coat
4) decreased reproductive efficiency
5) diarrhea
6) depressed immunefunction
Microminerals (trace)
1) boron
2) cobalt
3) chromium
4) copper *
5) iodine
6) flourine
7) iron
8) manganese
9) molybdenum *
10) selenium*
11) zinc*
What type of diet would you feed for diabetes?
- high protein, low carb
Carbonic Anhydrase
1) gastric secretion of H+
2) intestinal secretion of HCO3-
3) H+ secretion by kidney
4) CO2 transport by red blood cells/blood
Which forms of selenium have good absorption vs bad absorption?
Good absorption: selenate, selenite, cystine, methionine
Bad absorption: selenium and selenide
What two amino acids are supplemented into a cats diet?
1) taurine
2) arginine
What are the 3 variables affecting what you feed your dog or cat
- Health conditions
- Allergies and sensitivities
- Environment
What does AFCO stand for and what do they do
- American Association of Feed control Officers
- they regulate the sale and distribution of animal feeds and animal drug remedies
Copper absorption modes
1) active transport
- most important with maturity (rats/mice)
2) passive transport
- paracellular/solvent drag
- most important prior to weaning (rats/mice)
Secondary feed ingredients for energy in broilers
Oilseed meals, byproducts and animal proteins
1) soybean meal
2) canola meal
3) DDGs
4) Bakery Meals
Why cant cats taste sugar?
- they don’t have salivary amylase which predigests carbohydrates
What type of diet would you feed for weight control in your pet?
- low fat, low protein
Why is the BCS of a cow is important right after calving
- producers hope to maximize milk production, dry matter intake, restore any reproductive function and overall the cows health and welfare is important
Copper function
- provide for oxidation/reduction capabilities
Such as:
1) cellular respiration
2) ceruloplasmin
3) cytochrome C oxidase
4) cytoplasmic superoxidedismutase
Why cant you use hormones on chicken?
- it is against the law
Copper absorption site
- abomasum and entire small intestine (abomasum quantitively limited in importance)
Rate of copper absorption
1) when low copper levels rate of absorption is high (70%)
2) when high copper levels, rate of absorption low (12%)
- rate is determined by how much is present
What happens when thiomolybdates form complex with albumin and copper?
- reduces copper availability
- this complex may be an attempt to detoxify the thiomolybdates (limit tissue level effects)
What type of diet would you feed for heart issues?
- low sodium
Two functional forms of copper
1) cuprous
2) cupric
Molybdenum functions as an enzyme cofactor to
1) purine catabolism
- enzyme: xanthine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase
2) cysteine catabolism
- enzyme: sulfite oxidase with molybdenum converts sulfite (toxic) to sulfate (non toxic)
What type of diet would you feed for urinary kidney issue
- low protein
Why is the pH in the stomach acidic in cats ?
- for digestion of bones and destruction of harmful bacteria
Vertical integration
- controlling all aspects of production stages that normally multiple companies would do in order to keep quality high and price low
Used at pilgrims pride from egg to finished product
- egg to chicken to processing to products to customers to consumers
How many oxidation states does zinc have?
- zinc has one oxidation state, thus it does not participate in oxidation-reduction reactions
Sources of copper
1) seafood
2) meats
3) nuts
4) grains
5) dairy products
6) vegetables
7) fruits
Compare cystine and methionine vs selenate and selenite
- are all good selenium absorbers
- cystine and methionine are organic and less toxic
- selenate and selenite are inorganic or free mineral forms and more toxic
Why is methionine and cysteine important for poultry?
- they are used in the development of feathering
Copper deficiency
1) depressed immune function
2) anemia
3) bone disorders
4) reproductive failures
5) nerve disorders
6) cardiovascular disorders
7) loss of hair pigmentation
8) poor growth and appetite
Copper toxicity
1) wilsons disease
2) dullness and weakness
3) anemia
4) respiratory distress
5) pulmonary edema
6) hepatotoxicity
7) jaundice
8) hemoglobinuria
9) anorexia
Copper absorption is antagonized by
1) thiomolybdates
2) phytates
3) zinc
4) selenium
5) cadmium
Selenium functions
- produces glutathione peroxidase which repairs fatty acid peroxides
- there is no glutathione peroxidase without selenium
What does it mean for a beef cow to have higher energy
- higher energy= longer peak lactation and higher pounds of milk per day
What is canine bloat (gastric dilation and volvulu; GDV) and list two preventative measures?
- an accumulation of gas causing the stomach to twist
- signs is restlessness, excess salivation, dry heaving
- common in large deep chested breeds (german shepards, great danes)
Causes: gulping water or food, fermentation from feed with a lot of grains
Prevent:
1) feed multiple, small meals per day
2) use a raised food bowl
3) no heavy exercise
Why does molybdenum toxicity look similar to copper deficiencies?
- molybdenum toxicity is directly tied to thiomolybdates and sulfites. Thiomolybdates tie up copper and make it unavailable, thus causing a copper deficiency.
What is thiomolybdates formed from?
- sulfide interactions with molybdenum
