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Animal nutrition > Exam 5 > Flashcards

Exam 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What do changes in charged minerals do yo oxidation/reduction reactions in your body and how do the deficiencies or toxities affect the cell membrane?

A
  • superoxide radicals, they are protective of cells in your body
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2
Q

Young birds need ________, and old birds need __________

A
  • amino acids, energy
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3
Q

Macrominerals

A

1) calcium*
2) phosphorous*
3) sodium
4) chloride
5) potassium
6) magnesium*
7) sulfur

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4
Q

Primary energy ingredients for broilers

A

Cereal grains and fats

1) corn
2) wheat
3) milo
4) fats

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5
Q

What happens to amount eaten as quality of feed declines?

A
  • intake decreases as forage quality declines
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6
Q

What is the interaction between vitamin E and selenium?

A
  • they have a sparing effect on eachother
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7
Q

What is the most important nutrient?

A
  • water
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8
Q

What type of diet would you feed for weight gain?

A
  • high fat, palatability
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9
Q

Diagram with lipid and aqueous phase

A
  • the lipid phase corrects the fatty acid while the aqueous phase fixes vitamin E

Lipid phase:

  1. Superoxide radicals damage cell membrane through lipid peroxidation
  2. Vit E grabs the electron
  3. Phospholipase helps move the electron down the chain to glutathione peroxidase(GP)
  4. GP passes electron to NADPH
  5. NADPH (from niacin) converted to NAD, pathway ends
  6. Fatty acid is fixed

Aqueous phase:
- The same process occurs, but instead outside of the membrane. The only difference is that glutathione participates instead of GP. This time the vitamin E was fixed after the electron messed it up.

TOC= vitamin E 
ASC= vitamin C
GPX= glutathione peroxidase
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10
Q

Functions of zinc?

A

1) it is a cofactor in some enzymes like carbonic anhydrase

2) it is a structural component to some proteins
- cytosolic superoxide dismutase
- zinc fingers of DNA binding proteins (important in sex steroid regulation of gene transcription)

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11
Q

Zinc deficiency

A

1) Anorexia
2) fissures at the corners of mouth
3) poor hair coat
4) decreased reproductive efficiency
5) diarrhea
6) depressed immunefunction

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12
Q

Microminerals (trace)

A

1) boron
2) cobalt
3) chromium
4) copper *
5) iodine
6) flourine
7) iron
8) manganese
9) molybdenum *
10) selenium*
11) zinc*

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13
Q

What type of diet would you feed for diabetes?

A
  • high protein, low carb
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14
Q

Carbonic Anhydrase

A

1) gastric secretion of H+
2) intestinal secretion of HCO3-
3) H+ secretion by kidney
4) CO2 transport by red blood cells/blood

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15
Q

Which forms of selenium have good absorption vs bad absorption?

A

Good absorption: selenate, selenite, cystine, methionine

Bad absorption: selenium and selenide

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16
Q

What two amino acids are supplemented into a cats diet?

A

1) taurine

2) arginine

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17
Q

What are the 3 variables affecting what you feed your dog or cat

A
  1. Health conditions
  2. Allergies and sensitivities
  3. Environment
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18
Q

What does AFCO stand for and what do they do

A
  • American Association of Feed control Officers

- they regulate the sale and distribution of animal feeds and animal drug remedies

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19
Q

Copper absorption modes

A

1) active transport
- most important with maturity (rats/mice)

2) passive transport
- paracellular/solvent drag
- most important prior to weaning (rats/mice)

20
Q

Secondary feed ingredients for energy in broilers

A

Oilseed meals, byproducts and animal proteins

1) soybean meal
2) canola meal
3) DDGs
4) Bakery Meals

21
Q

Why cant cats taste sugar?

A
  • they don’t have salivary amylase which predigests carbohydrates
22
Q

What type of diet would you feed for weight control in your pet?

A
  • low fat, low protein
23
Q

Why is the BCS of a cow is important right after calving

A
  • producers hope to maximize milk production, dry matter intake, restore any reproductive function and overall the cows health and welfare is important
24
Q

Copper function

A
  • provide for oxidation/reduction capabilities

Such as:

1) cellular respiration
2) ceruloplasmin
3) cytochrome C oxidase
4) cytoplasmic superoxidedismutase

25
Q

Why cant you use hormones on chicken?

A
  • it is against the law
26
Q

Copper absorption site

A
  • abomasum and entire small intestine (abomasum quantitively limited in importance)
27
Q

Rate of copper absorption

A

1) when low copper levels rate of absorption is high (70%)
2) when high copper levels, rate of absorption low (12%)
- rate is determined by how much is present

28
Q

What happens when thiomolybdates form complex with albumin and copper?

A
  • reduces copper availability

- this complex may be an attempt to detoxify the thiomolybdates (limit tissue level effects)

29
Q

What type of diet would you feed for heart issues?

A
  • low sodium
30
Q

Two functional forms of copper

A

1) cuprous

2) cupric

31
Q

Molybdenum functions as an enzyme cofactor to

A

1) purine catabolism
- enzyme: xanthine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase

2) cysteine catabolism
- enzyme: sulfite oxidase with molybdenum converts sulfite (toxic) to sulfate (non toxic)

32
Q

What type of diet would you feed for urinary kidney issue

A
  • low protein
33
Q

Why is the pH in the stomach acidic in cats ?

A
  • for digestion of bones and destruction of harmful bacteria
34
Q

Vertical integration

A
  • controlling all aspects of production stages that normally multiple companies would do in order to keep quality high and price low

Used at pilgrims pride from egg to finished product
- egg to chicken to processing to products to customers to consumers

35
Q

How many oxidation states does zinc have?

A
  • zinc has one oxidation state, thus it does not participate in oxidation-reduction reactions
36
Q

Sources of copper

A

1) seafood
2) meats
3) nuts
4) grains
5) dairy products
6) vegetables
7) fruits

37
Q

Compare cystine and methionine vs selenate and selenite

A
  • are all good selenium absorbers
  • cystine and methionine are organic and less toxic
  • selenate and selenite are inorganic or free mineral forms and more toxic
38
Q

Why is methionine and cysteine important for poultry?

A
  • they are used in the development of feathering
39
Q

Copper deficiency

A

1) depressed immune function
2) anemia
3) bone disorders
4) reproductive failures
5) nerve disorders
6) cardiovascular disorders
7) loss of hair pigmentation
8) poor growth and appetite

40
Q

Copper toxicity

A

1) wilsons disease
2) dullness and weakness
3) anemia
4) respiratory distress
5) pulmonary edema
6) hepatotoxicity
7) jaundice
8) hemoglobinuria
9) anorexia

41
Q

Copper absorption is antagonized by

A

1) thiomolybdates
2) phytates
3) zinc
4) selenium
5) cadmium

42
Q

Selenium functions

A
  • produces glutathione peroxidase which repairs fatty acid peroxides
  • there is no glutathione peroxidase without selenium
43
Q

What does it mean for a beef cow to have higher energy

A
  • higher energy= longer peak lactation and higher pounds of milk per day
44
Q

What is canine bloat (gastric dilation and volvulu; GDV) and list two preventative measures?

A
  • an accumulation of gas causing the stomach to twist
  • signs is restlessness, excess salivation, dry heaving
  • common in large deep chested breeds (german shepards, great danes)

Causes: gulping water or food, fermentation from feed with a lot of grains

Prevent:

1) feed multiple, small meals per day
2) use a raised food bowl
3) no heavy exercise

45
Q

Why does molybdenum toxicity look similar to copper deficiencies?

A
  • molybdenum toxicity is directly tied to thiomolybdates and sulfites. Thiomolybdates tie up copper and make it unavailable, thus causing a copper deficiency.
46
Q

What is thiomolybdates formed from?

A
  • sulfide interactions with molybdenum

Animal nutrition (5 decks)

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