Exam 4 Flashcards
Polyneuritis
- ANIMAL B1 deficiency
- chicks have a retraction of the head “stargazing”
- rats walk in circles
Pyridoxine B6
- coenzyme of a wide range of enzymes involved in metabolism
- RBC formation
Rickets or osteomalcia
- Vitamin D deficiency
- decreased calcium and phosphorous in bone matrix (weak bones)
- inhibition of growth
- anorexia and weight loss
- cartilage maturation fails
Vitamin C Functions
- involved directly with a number of enzymes catalyzing oxidation and reduction reactions
- required to maintain normal tyrosine oxidation and for normal collagen metabolism
- required as cosubstrate in certain mixed function oxidations such as dopamine to norepinephrine
- required along with ATP for incorporation of plasma Fe into ferritin
Phosphate sources
- bone meal
- grains
- dairy products
- pelleted phosphorite
General vitamin functions
1) Nurture/ Support
- allows for proper metabolism
- growth, reproduction and maintenance
2) prevent deficiency diseases
3) help enzymes release energy from carbohydrates, lipids and proteins
Storage transport and elimination of Vitamin A
- white fat and yellow fat
Transport: chylomicron to liver to tissues eliminated via bile
Storage: 90% in the liver
White fat= does not absorb carotenes (no color)
- dogs, pig, goat, sheep, rabbit
Yellow fat= absorbs carotenes (color)
- human, cattle, horses
Vitamin A functions
1) reproduction
2) bone growth
3) vision
4) epithelial differentiation and maintenance
In what form are proteins absorbed?
- as amino acids using active transport
- specifically di and tripeptides account for most of amino acids absorbed
- co transport with H+
What do you treat pernicious anemia with ?
- B12 cyanocobalamin and folic acid B9
- both responsible for this if deficiency occurs
Vitamin B12 Cyanocobalamin Deficiency
- problem for monogastrics on strict diets of plant origin
Chicks= poor feathering, kidney damage, impaired thyroid, eggs wont hatch
Pigs= rough hair coat, uncoordinated movement, anemia, enlarged liver and thyroid
Humans= pernicious anemia (abnormally large RBC) or neurological disease over extended time
Beriberi
- HUMAN thiamine B1 deficiency
- enlargement of heart
- numbness of extremities
- unsteady gait
Vitamin C Deficiency
- SCURVY in humans (not in farm animals)
- MICROCYTIC ANEMIA
- edema
- loss of appetite
- structural defects of bone, connective tissue
- loose teeth, gum problems
- diarrhea
Vitamin A toxicity
- bone effects
- alopecia
- eczema
- anorexia/weight loss
- blurred vision
- hepatotoxity
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
- mad cow disease
- a fatal, subacute and degenerative disease characterized by a sponge like appearance of the brain
How do ruminants meet water soluble vitamin requirements?
- almost entirely from microbial synthesis in the rumen and lower GI tract
Calcium storage and elimination
Storage: 99% in bones can store from months to years
Elimination: primarily fecal or urinary
Vitamin D3 (cholecaliciferol)
- derived from 7-dehydrocholesterol
- UV light converts 7-dehydrocholesterol to this
- precursor to formation of calcitrol (steroid hormone)
- exclusively produced in animal products (animal sterol)
Fat soluble vitamins
1) VITAMIN A
2) Vitamin E
3) VITAMIN D
4) Vitamin K
Water soluble vitamin digestion and absorption
- goes away from the small intestine straight into the blood stream
- not stored, kidney filters into excess urine
Prions
- proteinaceous infectious particles aka transmissible agents that are unique
- have no DNA or RNA, so they are unlike viruses or bacteria
*** if they attach to your cell your proteins will be misfolded
Water soluble vitamins
1) VITAMIN C
2) B complex vitamins
- a problem with these means subpar energy, they are involved in energy metabolism!
ENERGY
- THIAMIN (B1)
- Riboflavin (B2)
- Niacin (B3)
- Pantothenic Acid (B5)
- Pyridoxine (B6)
- choline
RBC - FOLACIN, OR FOLIC ACID (B9)
- CYANOCOBALAMIN (B12)
What 3 B vitamins partake in methylation/are methyl transfer agents?
1) B12 cycanocobalamin
2) choline
3) B9 Folacin
Riboflavin (B2)/ Niacin (B3)
- FADH,H+; NADH2, NADPH2
- cellular respiration
- glucose/fatty acid metabolism
Fat soluble vitamins absorption and digestion
- occurs in the small intestine and goes straight to the lymph system
- fat digestion in duodenum and jejunum, then GI epithelium brings to lymphatic system (except birds)
Vitamin D Toxicity
- hypercalcemia - high calcium in blood
- hypercalcuria- high calcium in urine
- tissue necrosis
- calcification of soft tissue
- demineralization of bone
- anorexia
- stiffness and lameness
- muscular weakness
- disorientation
Where does protein absorption occur?
1) Rumen
2) omasum
3) small intestine
4) large intestine
Calcium absorption ACTIVE TRANSPORT
- draw
- the large intestine/cecum is not as big of a contributor to calcium absorption as the small intestine is
- **low dietary intake of calcium enables absortion by active transport. Calcium begins in the GI lumen after digested, it is them brought into the enterocyte using a calcium transporter. Once inside it binds to calbindin so it can efficiently move across the enterocyte to be pumped out into the portal blood. It does this by entering an ATP dependent calcium pump. **
- calcium pumps run low to high
- if high dietary intake would run via passive transport
Polioencephalomalcia (PEM)
- disturbance in thiamin B1 metabolism
- brain becomes inflamed or swollen
Caused by:
- High grain diets, especially younger animals
- high sulfur diets
Indicators:
- measurement of erythrocyte transketolase (thiamine specific enzyme)
Treatment:
- thiamine injections, will improve within 24 hr
Marasmus
- LACK OF EVERYTHING
- overall lack of energy and protein
- overall wasting syndrome
Kwashiorkor
- LACK OF PROTEIN, ample carbohydrates
- prioritized fat and structural proteins, so blood and enzyme proteins are sacrificed
Ex: edema of feet or fatty liver
B9 Folacin Deficiency
- reduced growth rates
- pernicious anemia (treat with folic acid and B12)
- abnormal fetuses, pregnant women prone to be deficient
- spina bifida in humans, in early pregnancy around 3 weeks after conception
Where does protein digestion occur?
1) rumen/reticulum
2) Abomasum
3) Small intestine
4) Large intestine
Sodium absorption PASSIVE TRANSPORT
- draw
- counter current mechanism: intestinal villi
- passive diffusion if minerals
- low dietary intake of sodium enables absorption via passive transport. Absorption happens at the top and secretion happens at the bottom. Na+ will flow between cells from a high to a low concentration due to mass influx of water.
Rumen degradable proteins
- microbes consume them and turn them into a better protein
Microminerals
- COPPER (Cu)
- MOLUBDENUM (Mo)
- SELENIUM (Se)
- ZINC (Zn)
- boron
- cobalt
- chromium
- iodine
- fluorine
- iron
- silicon
Pantothentic Acid B5
- component of coenzyme A
- glucose/fatty acid metabolism
Bradycardia
- PIGS B1 thiamine deficiency
- slow heart rate
Milking and lead scenario
- young calf is exposed to lead
- lead gets deposited in bones
- has. Baby and pulls milk from bones which exposed the lead to the baby
Storage and transport of Vitamin D
Storage:
1) aquatic species - liver (significant storage)
2) land animals - liver and blood (little storage)
Transport:
- transcalciferin and ligands
Vitamin B12 Cyanocobalamin characteristics
- contains cobalt
- animal protein factor (deficiency can occur when animals fed non protein diet)
- microbes synthesize it with cobalt in the hindgut
- intrinsic factor (stomach synthesizes parietal cells that enables body to absorb this)
- coenzyme in DNA synthesis (methyl gp transfers)
Biotin
- propionate to glucose
- fat metabolism
B9 Vitamin Folacin
- DNA synthesis(methylation rxn) and repair
- works with B12
- metabolically active form is tetrahydrofolic acid
Phosphate Deficiency
- RICKETS
- osteomalacia
- muscle weakness
- anorexia
Vitamins
- organic compounds that are required in minute quantities to support the normal metabolism of the body
- they DO NOT provide energy
3 ways to get calcium
1) bones
2) kidney
3) instestines
Minerals
- inorganic elements required by an animal/human to maintain growth, reproduction, lactation and health
- classified by the amount needed in the diet
- Need more macrominerals (>100 mg) than microminerals daily (< 100 mg)
Milk fever
- high producing dairy cows post parturition
- hypocalcemia occurs
- cant mobilize calcium fast enough to meet needs
Macromineral
- CALCIUM
- PHOSPHOROUS
- MAGNESIUM
- Na (sodium)
- Cl (chloride)
- K (potassium)
- S (sulfur)
Rumen undegradable proteins
- passes through the rumen and gets absorbed in the small intestine
Calcium sources
- bone meal
- limestone
- grass hay
- legume hay
- dairy products
Vitamin D Sources
- can be synthesized from SUNLIGHT*
- sun cured forage
- grain
- vegetables
- FORTIFIED MILK
- egg yolk
- bone meal
- fish liver
Vitamin A deficiencies
- fetal effects
- growth retardation
- paresis
- pneumonia
- night blindness
- kuppfer cell degeneration
Vitamin B1 Thiamine Function
- coenzyme in decarboxylation reaction
- allows pyruvate to become acetyl CoA
Calcium deficiency
- RICKETS
- osteoporosis
- soft egg shells in poultry
- paralysis
- hypocalcemia
Vitamin A Sources
- must have carotenes(in plants) gives fruits and veggies their color
- not found in plants it is derived from carotenes such as beta, alpha and gamma carotene
High= carrots, liver, liver oil, spinach and bermudagrass
Choline
- component of cell membranes
- acetylcholine
- METHYL DONOR in transmethylation rxns
- chylomicrons
Calcitrol Function
- to maintain calcium:phosphorous homeostasis (phosphorous is the counter ion to calcium anything we to calcium will affect phosphorous)
Specifically targets :
- gastrointestinal absorption increase
- kidney reabsorption (Ca++)/ elimination of (PO4-)
- bone formation (Ca++ released from bone to demineralize the bone)
Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol)
- Derived from ergosterol
- UV light activates ergosterol and converts it to this
- plant sterol
- all sterols possessing vitamin D activity contain the SAME STEROID NUCLEUS
- ERGOSTEROL(from plants) + sunlight= vitamin D
