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Animal nutrition > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Polyneuritis

A
  • ANIMAL B1 deficiency
  • chicks have a retraction of the head “stargazing”
  • rats walk in circles
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2
Q

Pyridoxine B6

A
  • coenzyme of a wide range of enzymes involved in metabolism

- RBC formation

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3
Q

Rickets or osteomalcia

A
  • Vitamin D deficiency
  • decreased calcium and phosphorous in bone matrix (weak bones)
  • inhibition of growth
  • anorexia and weight loss
  • cartilage maturation fails
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4
Q

Vitamin C Functions

A
  • involved directly with a number of enzymes catalyzing oxidation and reduction reactions
  • required to maintain normal tyrosine oxidation and for normal collagen metabolism
  • required as cosubstrate in certain mixed function oxidations such as dopamine to norepinephrine
  • required along with ATP for incorporation of plasma Fe into ferritin
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5
Q

Phosphate sources

A
  • bone meal
  • grains
  • dairy products
  • pelleted phosphorite
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6
Q

General vitamin functions

A

1) Nurture/ Support
- allows for proper metabolism
- growth, reproduction and maintenance

2) prevent deficiency diseases
3) help enzymes release energy from carbohydrates, lipids and proteins

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7
Q

Storage transport and elimination of Vitamin A

- white fat and yellow fat

A

Transport: chylomicron to liver to tissues eliminated via bile

Storage: 90% in the liver

White fat= does not absorb carotenes (no color)
- dogs, pig, goat, sheep, rabbit

Yellow fat= absorbs carotenes (color)
- human, cattle, horses

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8
Q

Vitamin A functions

A

1) reproduction
2) bone growth
3) vision
4) epithelial differentiation and maintenance

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9
Q

In what form are proteins absorbed?

A
  • as amino acids using active transport
  • specifically di and tripeptides account for most of amino acids absorbed
  • co transport with H+
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10
Q

What do you treat pernicious anemia with ?

A
  • B12 cyanocobalamin and folic acid B9

- both responsible for this if deficiency occurs

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11
Q

Vitamin B12 Cyanocobalamin Deficiency

A
  • problem for monogastrics on strict diets of plant origin

Chicks= poor feathering, kidney damage, impaired thyroid, eggs wont hatch

Pigs= rough hair coat, uncoordinated movement, anemia, enlarged liver and thyroid

Humans= pernicious anemia (abnormally large RBC) or neurological disease over extended time

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12
Q

Beriberi

A
  • HUMAN thiamine B1 deficiency
  • enlargement of heart
  • numbness of extremities
  • unsteady gait
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13
Q

Vitamin C Deficiency

A
  • SCURVY in humans (not in farm animals)
  • MICROCYTIC ANEMIA
  • edema
  • loss of appetite
  • structural defects of bone, connective tissue
  • loose teeth, gum problems
  • diarrhea
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14
Q

Vitamin A toxicity

A
  • bone effects
  • alopecia
  • eczema
  • anorexia/weight loss
  • blurred vision
  • hepatotoxity
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15
Q

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

A
  • mad cow disease

- a fatal, subacute and degenerative disease characterized by a sponge like appearance of the brain

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16
Q

How do ruminants meet water soluble vitamin requirements?

A
  • almost entirely from microbial synthesis in the rumen and lower GI tract
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17
Q

Calcium storage and elimination

A

Storage: 99% in bones can store from months to years

Elimination: primarily fecal or urinary

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18
Q

Vitamin D3 (cholecaliciferol)

A
  • derived from 7-dehydrocholesterol
  • UV light converts 7-dehydrocholesterol to this
  • precursor to formation of calcitrol (steroid hormone)
  • exclusively produced in animal products (animal sterol)
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19
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A

1) VITAMIN A
2) Vitamin E
3) VITAMIN D
4) Vitamin K

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20
Q

Water soluble vitamin digestion and absorption

A
  • goes away from the small intestine straight into the blood stream
  • not stored, kidney filters into excess urine
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21
Q

Prions

A
  • proteinaceous infectious particles aka transmissible agents that are unique
  • have no DNA or RNA, so they are unlike viruses or bacteria

*** if they attach to your cell your proteins will be misfolded

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22
Q

Water soluble vitamins

A

1) VITAMIN C

2) B complex vitamins
- a problem with these means subpar energy, they are involved in energy metabolism!
ENERGY
- THIAMIN (B1)
- Riboflavin (B2)
- Niacin (B3)
- Pantothenic Acid (B5)

  • Pyridoxine (B6)
  • choline
    RBC
  • FOLACIN, OR FOLIC ACID (B9)
  • CYANOCOBALAMIN (B12)
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23
Q

What 3 B vitamins partake in methylation/are methyl transfer agents?

A

1) B12 cycanocobalamin
2) choline
3) B9 Folacin

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24
Q

Riboflavin (B2)/ Niacin (B3)

A
  • FADH,H+; NADH2, NADPH2
  • cellular respiration
  • glucose/fatty acid metabolism
25
Q

Fat soluble vitamins absorption and digestion

A
  • occurs in the small intestine and goes straight to the lymph system
  • fat digestion in duodenum and jejunum, then GI epithelium brings to lymphatic system (except birds)
26
Q

Vitamin D Toxicity

A
  • hypercalcemia - high calcium in blood
  • hypercalcuria- high calcium in urine
  • tissue necrosis
  • calcification of soft tissue
  • demineralization of bone
  • anorexia
  • stiffness and lameness
  • muscular weakness
  • disorientation
27
Q

Where does protein absorption occur?

A

1) Rumen
2) omasum
3) small intestine
4) large intestine

28
Q

Calcium absorption ACTIVE TRANSPORT

A
  • draw
  • the large intestine/cecum is not as big of a contributor to calcium absorption as the small intestine is
  • **low dietary intake of calcium enables absortion by active transport. Calcium begins in the GI lumen after digested, it is them brought into the enterocyte using a calcium transporter. Once inside it binds to calbindin so it can efficiently move across the enterocyte to be pumped out into the portal blood. It does this by entering an ATP dependent calcium pump. **
  • calcium pumps run low to high
  • if high dietary intake would run via passive transport
29
Q

Polioencephalomalcia (PEM)

A
  • disturbance in thiamin B1 metabolism
  • brain becomes inflamed or swollen

Caused by:

  • High grain diets, especially younger animals
  • high sulfur diets

Indicators:
- measurement of erythrocyte transketolase (thiamine specific enzyme)

Treatment:
- thiamine injections, will improve within 24 hr

30
Q

Marasmus

A
  • LACK OF EVERYTHING
  • overall lack of energy and protein
  • overall wasting syndrome
31
Q

Kwashiorkor

A
  • LACK OF PROTEIN, ample carbohydrates
  • prioritized fat and structural proteins, so blood and enzyme proteins are sacrificed

Ex: edema of feet or fatty liver

32
Q

B9 Folacin Deficiency

A
  • reduced growth rates
  • pernicious anemia (treat with folic acid and B12)
  • abnormal fetuses, pregnant women prone to be deficient
  • spina bifida in humans, in early pregnancy around 3 weeks after conception
33
Q

Where does protein digestion occur?

A

1) rumen/reticulum
2) Abomasum
3) Small intestine
4) Large intestine

34
Q

Sodium absorption PASSIVE TRANSPORT

A
  • draw
  • counter current mechanism: intestinal villi
  • passive diffusion if minerals
  • low dietary intake of sodium enables absorption via passive transport. Absorption happens at the top and secretion happens at the bottom. Na+ will flow between cells from a high to a low concentration due to mass influx of water.
35
Q

Rumen degradable proteins

A
  • microbes consume them and turn them into a better protein
36
Q

Microminerals

A
  • COPPER (Cu)
  • MOLUBDENUM (Mo)
  • SELENIUM (Se)
  • ZINC (Zn)
  • boron
  • cobalt
  • chromium
  • iodine
  • fluorine
  • iron
  • silicon
37
Q

Pantothentic Acid B5

A
  • component of coenzyme A

- glucose/fatty acid metabolism

38
Q

Bradycardia

A
  • PIGS B1 thiamine deficiency

- slow heart rate

39
Q

Milking and lead scenario

A
  • young calf is exposed to lead
  • lead gets deposited in bones
  • has. Baby and pulls milk from bones which exposed the lead to the baby
40
Q

Storage and transport of Vitamin D

A

Storage:

1) aquatic species - liver (significant storage)
2) land animals - liver and blood (little storage)

Transport:
- transcalciferin and ligands

41
Q

Vitamin B12 Cyanocobalamin characteristics

A
  • contains cobalt
  • animal protein factor (deficiency can occur when animals fed non protein diet)
  • microbes synthesize it with cobalt in the hindgut
  • intrinsic factor (stomach synthesizes parietal cells that enables body to absorb this)
  • coenzyme in DNA synthesis (methyl gp transfers)
42
Q

Biotin

A
  • propionate to glucose

- fat metabolism

43
Q

B9 Vitamin Folacin

A
  • DNA synthesis(methylation rxn) and repair
  • works with B12
  • metabolically active form is tetrahydrofolic acid
44
Q

Phosphate Deficiency

A
  • RICKETS
  • osteomalacia
  • muscle weakness
  • anorexia
45
Q

Vitamins

A
  • organic compounds that are required in minute quantities to support the normal metabolism of the body
  • they DO NOT provide energy
46
Q

3 ways to get calcium

A

1) bones
2) kidney
3) instestines

47
Q

Minerals

A
  • inorganic elements required by an animal/human to maintain growth, reproduction, lactation and health
  • classified by the amount needed in the diet
  • Need more macrominerals (>100 mg) than microminerals daily (< 100 mg)
48
Q

Milk fever

A
  • high producing dairy cows post parturition
  • hypocalcemia occurs
  • cant mobilize calcium fast enough to meet needs
49
Q

Macromineral

A
  • CALCIUM
  • PHOSPHOROUS
  • MAGNESIUM
  • Na (sodium)
  • Cl (chloride)
  • K (potassium)
  • S (sulfur)
50
Q

Rumen undegradable proteins

A
  • passes through the rumen and gets absorbed in the small intestine
51
Q

Calcium sources

A
  • bone meal
  • limestone
  • grass hay
  • legume hay
  • dairy products
52
Q

Vitamin D Sources

A
  • can be synthesized from SUNLIGHT*
  • sun cured forage
  • grain
  • vegetables
  • FORTIFIED MILK
  • egg yolk
  • bone meal
  • fish liver
53
Q

Vitamin A deficiencies

A
  • fetal effects
  • growth retardation
  • paresis
  • pneumonia
  • night blindness
  • kuppfer cell degeneration
54
Q

Vitamin B1 Thiamine Function

A
  • coenzyme in decarboxylation reaction

- allows pyruvate to become acetyl CoA

55
Q

Calcium deficiency

A
  • RICKETS
  • osteoporosis
  • soft egg shells in poultry
  • paralysis
  • hypocalcemia
56
Q

Vitamin A Sources

A
  • must have carotenes(in plants) gives fruits and veggies their color
  • not found in plants it is derived from carotenes such as beta, alpha and gamma carotene

High= carrots, liver, liver oil, spinach and bermudagrass

57
Q

Choline

A
  • component of cell membranes
  • acetylcholine
  • METHYL DONOR in transmethylation rxns
  • chylomicrons
58
Q

Calcitrol Function

A
  • to maintain calcium:phosphorous homeostasis (phosphorous is the counter ion to calcium anything we to calcium will affect phosphorous)

Specifically targets :

  • gastrointestinal absorption increase
  • kidney reabsorption (Ca++)/ elimination of (PO4-)
  • bone formation (Ca++ released from bone to demineralize the bone)
59
Q

Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol)

A
  • Derived from ergosterol
  • UV light activates ergosterol and converts it to this
  • plant sterol
  • all sterols possessing vitamin D activity contain the SAME STEROID NUCLEUS
  • ERGOSTEROL(from plants) + sunlight= vitamin D

Animal nutrition (5 decks)

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