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Animal nutrition > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Chromatography- LC/GC

A
  • good for doing specific nutrient profiling

1) amino acid determinations
2) vitamin analysis
3) some mineral analysis
4) specific protein identification
5) lipid analysis
- specific fatty acids
6) carbohydrate analysis
- fructans and sugars

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2
Q

Abomasum

A
  • true stomach of ruminants

- acid filled (gastric stomach)

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3
Q

Omasum

A
  • water absorption

- digestive flow control

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4
Q

Pectins

A
  • soluble fiber
  • gelling agent for jams/jelly
  • binds cholesterol and glucose in the GI tract
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5
Q

Esophagus

A
  • carry liquids, foods and saliva from mouth to stomach
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6
Q

Why shouldn’t we feed a ruminant glucose

A
  • because it gets slowly changed to volatile fatty acids whereas if you were to feed them starch they get rapidly converted to VFAs to be digested
  • want to feed animal what is meant for their digestive system
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7
Q

What does crude fiber measure and what do you expect to find in this fraction?

A
  • measures fiber content

- you expect to find cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin

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8
Q

Lignin

A
  • encases cellulose and hemicellulose to enhance rigidity to plant cells
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9
Q

Reticulum/rumen (ruminants only)

A
  • almost all starch/cellulose/hemicellulose is converted into volatile fatty acids such as acetate, propionate, butylate
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10
Q

Palatability

A
  • summation of animals difference to appearance, odor, taste, texture, temperature and other sensory properties
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11
Q

Name which contains the greatest proportion of carbohydrates and why in forage, seed, animal muscle and animal liver.

A

1) seed- up to 85%***
2) forage- up to 70%
3) animal liver- up to 10%
4) animal muscle- up to 1%

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12
Q

Why do we use dry matter for diet calculations?

A
  • it dilutes the nutrients
  • calculations are determined due to large variance in water content, allows for equivalent comparisons between foodstuffs
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13
Q

What does crude protein measure and what might be an issue with this procedure?

A
  • kjeldahl method or nitrogen analyzer
  • measures all nitrogen contained, urea contains nitrogen so the crude product can be overestimated Bc can not tell the difference between urea and crude protein
  • ruminants can not get any nutrients from urea
  • need to use a nitrogen conversion factor to find true crude protein content
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14
Q

Pregastric fermenters

A
  • rumen (cow, sheep)

- sacculated stomach (kangaroo, hippo)

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15
Q

Primary polysaccharides of nutritional and metabolic importance

A

1) starch - plants
2) cellulose - plants
3) hemicellulose - plant skeleton
4) glycogen- energy storage (animal starch)

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16
Q

What 3 fractions of proximate analysis are estimating primary energy components of feedstuff

A

1) ether extract (fat)
2) crude fiber (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin)
3) nitrogen free extract (carbohydrates and starch)

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17
Q
  • What does ash measure
  • what is the nutritional value of ash
  • what might artificially elevate the content of ash in feedstuff
A
  • ash measures the amount of minerals
  • a lot of mineral content, but does not tell you nutritional value or the specific mineral
  • can have contamination from processing component like soils we picked up during the harvest
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18
Q

Why are ruminants able to utilize feedstuffs with large amounts of cellulose but monogastrics can’t

A
  • ruminants have microbes that produce enzymes that are able to break down the binds of cellulose
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19
Q

List the saccharide chains and describe

A

1) monosaccharides- single sugar
2) disaccharides- two sugars
3) trisaccharides- 3 sugars
4) oligosaccharides- 4-10 sugars
5) polysaccharide - over 10 sugars

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20
Q

Short term feed intake control (hours)

A
  • distension (neural receptors)
  • GI hormones in response to nutrient (glucose) absorption
  • > chemostatic
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21
Q
  • What does ether extract measure,
  • what should the residue contain,
  • what components of the residue have nutritional value
  • what components would have the highest value of energy
A
  • measures the crude fat
  • the residue should contain fat soluble lipids
  • the residues that contains nutritional value are fats and fat soluble vitamins
  • the component with the highest value of energy is fat
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22
Q

Galactans

A
  • polymer of fructose

- acacia

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23
Q

Biological value (BV)

A
  • percent of nitrogen absorbed from the GI available for productive body functions
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24
Q

What is the Nitrogen free extract formula and what is in this fraction?

A
  • formula to find NFE is
    original sample weight - (water+EE(fat)+CP+ash)
  • carbohydrates(roughage and fiber) and starch (sugars)
  • crude protein, fat, water and ash get added which is why calculation is og sample weight minus those
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25
Q
  • Which primary polysaccharides are of plant origin?
  • Which are of animal origin ?
  • What is the primary function of each?
A
  • cellulose, hemicellulose and starch are of plant origin
  • glycogen(animal starch) is of animal origin

1) cellulose - tough cell walls surrounding plant cells
2) hemicellulose - strengthens the cell walls by interaction of cellulose or with lignin
3) starch- main way plant cells store energy in the form of glucose
4) glycogen- used to store energy, glucose in animals

26
Q

Mineral sources

A
  • macrominerals

- microminerals

27
Q

Two types of starch

A

1) amylose
- repeating maltose units
- linear chain that forms a helical coil

2) amylopectin
- has 1-6 alpha branches
- due to branches, does not form helical structure, forms more of a tree

28
Q

Small intestine

A

1) duodenum
- digestive secretions
- pancreatic secretions
- bile

2) jejunum
- absorption

3) Ilieum
- absorption

29
Q

GI tract regions

A

1) mouth
2) esophagus
3) reticulum/rumen (ruminants only)
4) omasum (ruminants only)
5) stomach
- abomasum (true stomach in ruminants, acid filled)
6) small intestine
- duodenum, jejunum, Illeum
7) cecum
8) large intestine
9) anus

30
Q

Appetite

A
  • desire to repeat a pleasant experience
  • satisfied by palatability
  • satiety is the opposite
31
Q

General flow of nutrients after a meal (as digestion occurs)

A
  • as digestion occurs food goes from the GI tract to the mesenteric blood then it goes into the portal blood which drains to the liver
  • will have a first pass affect and can change what the tissues will encounter
  • then Goes to arterial blood back to the lifer or mesenteric blood where it will recycle
  • if it is a fat or fat soluble substance items that are digested will go straight from the mesenteric blood into the lymphatic system and will be dropped off straight to the peripheral tissue b4 encounters the liver
32
Q

What is a carbohydrate?

A
  • aldehyde or ketone derivatives

- or polyhdric alcohols

33
Q

Beta glucans

A
  • target for anti fungals
34
Q

Gastrointestinal Tract purpose

A
  • provide nutrients needed for use in body metabolism and reject unnecessary and harmful substances
35
Q

Energy sources

A
  • starch
  • cellulose
  • hemicellulose
  • lipid
36
Q

Hunger

A
  • is based on physiological need

- satisfied by calories

37
Q

Protein efficiency ratio (PER)

A
  • number of grams of body weight gain of animal per unit of protein consumed
38
Q

Special carbohydrates

A

1) beta-glucans
2) mannans
3) fructans
4) pectins
5) galactans

39
Q

Gastrointestinal tract primary functions

A

1) ingestion of food
2) digestion
3) absorption of nutrients
4) protection for toxicants/pathogens
5) elimination of waste

40
Q

What concerns might you have about the dry matter process in nutrient profiling

A
  • the hight heat can destroy volatile compounds such as volatile fatty acids that are necessary for ruminants
  • can freeze dry matter to avoid some of this loss
  • it can also change the characteristics of other proteins and nutrients
41
Q

Vitamin sources

A
  • fat soluble vitamins

- water soluble vitamins

42
Q

Protein sources

A
  • protein
  • amino acid
  • non protein nitrogen
43
Q

Total Digestible Nutrients determination and issue with it

A
  • measure of energy, comparable to DE

- undervalues protein because fully oxidized in bomb calorimeter but not in animals body

44
Q

Glycogen in mammals

A
  • major storage carbohydrate
    1) liver 10%
  • store and export glucose between meals
  • provide glucose to extrahepatic tissues

3) muscle 1%
- due to large muscle mass, supplies 3/4 of total body glycogen
- readily available source of energy for use within the muscle

45
Q

Mouth function

A

1) starch digestion begins with salivary amylase
2) saliva production (buffering in ruminants)
3) chewing or mastication

46
Q

Eructation

A
  • belching of gases, bloat
47
Q

Lignification

A
  • increases w plant age

- reduces digestibility by acting as a barrier to the plant carbohydrates

48
Q

Energy utilization chart

A

GROSS ENERGY- heat of combustion
- —–> fecal energy
- 1) undigested feed
- 2) enteric microbes and their products
- 3) excretions of the GI tract and accessory organs
- 4) cellular debris from the GI tract
APPARENT DIGESTIBLE ENERGY (DE)
- —–> urinary energy
- gaseous products of digestion (primarily methane)
METABOLIZABLE ENERGY (ME)
- —–> heat increment (heat of nutrient metabolism)
- —–> heat of fermentation (rumen, cecum, LI)
NET ENERGY (NE)
- —–> 2 products
1) Maintenance energy (NEm) -> heat production
- basic maintenance of animal
- basal metabolism
- voluntary activity
- thermal regulation
- product formation
- waste formation and excretion

2) productive or recovered energy (NEp)
- losing ATP
- tissue production
- lactation/egg production
- fetal growth and development
- wool, hair, feathers
- work

49
Q

Fructans

A
  • polymer of fructose
  • found in grass
  • laminitis link (causes microbial bloom in lower digestive tract of horses)
50
Q

Proximate Analysis Measures of food

A
  • estimates the amount of nutrients based on wet lab experiment

1) crude protein (CP)
2) ether extract (EE)
3) ash
4) crude fiber (CF)
5) nitrogen free extract (NFE)

51
Q

Metabolism

A
  • all the chemical processes in the body’s cells that provide for growth, maintenance, and production of the body
  • anabolic (synthesis)
  • catabolic (breakdown)
52
Q

Absorption

A
  • process of moving nutrients from GI lumen to the mesenteric blood, or lymphatic system
53
Q

Hindgut fermenters

A
  • cecum (rabbit, rat)
  • sacculated colon (horse, pig)
  • unsacculated colon (dog, cat)
  • coprophagia (rabbits And rats eat poop to get nutrients by microbial fermentation in their digestive tract)
54
Q

Rumination

A
  • controlled vomiting of food, to rechew, resalivate and reswallow
55
Q

Detergent extraction methods

A

1) Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF)
- cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin

2) Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF)
- cellulose and lignin

3) Acid Detergent Lignin (ADL)
- all that’s left is lignin

56
Q

Large intestine

A
  • water absorption
  • inorganic element secretion
  • microbial digestion
57
Q

Mannans

A
  • polymer of mannose(yeast)

- toxicants binding properties

58
Q

Long term feed intake control (days weeks)

A
  • maintains energy balance in the animal depending on life stage
  • Hormone secretions like leptin (secreted by body fat stores)
  • > chemostatic
59
Q

Digestion

A
  • mechanical forces (mastication)
  • chemical action (bile, HCl)
  • enzyme action (hydrolysis)
    • > microbial action (rumen, colon, LI)
60
Q

Hemicellulose

A
  • cell wall constituent
  • mixed sugar and linkage makeup
  • somewhat amorphous
61
Q

Cellulose

A
  • cell wall constituent

Animal nutrition (5 decks)

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