Exam 5 Flashcards
What is a Genome?
The complete set of an organism’s DNA, including all of its genes.
Define Chromosome.
A tightly coiled structure made of DNA and proteins that carries genetic information.
What is a Gene?
A sequence of DNA that codes for a specific protein or function.
What is a Codon?
A sequence of three mRNA bases that codes for one amino acid.
Define Locus.
The specific physical location of a gene on a chromosome.
What is Gene Expression?
The process through which a gene’s DNA sequence is converted into a functional product (like a protein).
What does GMO stand for?
Genetically Modified Organism.
Define Transgenic Organism.
A GMO that contains genes from another species.
What is a Recombinant Gene?
A gene created by combining DNA from multiple sources.
Who won the Nobel Prize in 1962 for the discovery of DNA structure?
James Watson, Francis Crick, and Maurice Wilkins.
Where is DNA found in eukaryotic cells?
In the nucleus.
What type of bonding holds together complementary base pairs in DNA?
Hydrogen bonding.
What are the four DNA bases?
- Adenine (A)
- Thymine (T)
- Cytosine (C)
- Guanine (G)
When does DNA replication occur?
During the S phase of the cell cycle.
Fill in the blank: ______ unzips the DNA during replication.
Helicase
What is the role of DNA Polymerase in replication?
Adds new nucleotides and proofreads.
What is the replication process described as?
Semi-conservative.
Why is DNA replication important?
Cells must replicate their DNA before division so both new cells get the full genetic code.
List applications of DNA technology.
- Forensics
- Ancestry Testing
- Military Identification
- Conservation Biology
- Cultural/Anthropological Use
- Environmental Sampling
What case was solved using DNA from a relative on a genealogy website?
Golden State Killer case.
True or False: DNA testing can reveal unexpected family connections.
True.
What is DNA Fingerprinting used for?
- Criminal investigations
- Paternity tests
- Conservation
- Cultural studies
What are the steps in DNA Fingerprinting?
- PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
- Gel Electrophoresis
What do smaller pieces of DNA do in Gel Electrophoresis?
Travel farther.
What are STRs used in DNA profiles?
Short Tandem Repeats.
What was the goal of the Human Genome Project?
Sequence all human genes.
How many genes do humans have according to the Human Genome Project?
Approximately 20,000–25,000.
What is the Central Dogma of molecular biology?
DNA → RNA → Protein.
Where does Transcription occur?
In the nucleus.
Where does Translation occur?
In ribosomes.
Which technique is used to amplify DNA?
B. PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
PCR is a widely used method in molecular biology to make multiple copies of a specific DNA segment.
What does PCR stand for?
A. Polymerase Chain Reaction
PCR is a crucial technique in genetic research and diagnostics.
What is the primary purpose of PCR?
B. Amplifying DNA segments
The amplification of DNA allows for sufficient quantities for analysis, cloning, or sequencing.
Besides PCR, what other method is shown as an option for amplifying DNA?
D. None of the above
The options listed do not include another amplification method aside from PCR.
Which type of mutation is MOST LIKELY to be harmful?
C. Frameshift
Frameshift mutations alter the reading frame of the genetic code, potentially leading to significant changes in protein structure and function.
According to the image, what type of mutation is considered the most harmful?
C. Frameshift
Frameshift mutations can result in extensive changes to the amino acid sequence, often leading to nonfunctional proteins.
What is a point mutation?
A change in a single nucleotide base pair in the DNA sequence
Point mutations can lead to silent, missense, or nonsense mutations.
What is a silent mutation?
A mutation that does not change the amino acid sequence of a protein
Silent mutations occur due to the redundancy in the genetic code.
What is a frameshift mutation?
A mutation caused by insertions or deletions of nucleotides that shift the reading frame
Frameshift mutations can drastically alter the resulting protein, often rendering it nonfunctional.
What effect does a mutation in the third codon position usually have?
Often results in a silent mutation
Many codons differ in their third position without changing the amino acid they encode.
What animal was Dolly?
Sheep
Dolly was the first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell.
What cloning process was used to create Dolly?
Reproductive cloning
Reproductive cloning aims to create an organism that is genetically identical to the donor organism.
The correct method used to create Dolly involved replacing what in an egg cell?
Nucleus
The nucleus contains the genetic material necessary for development.
What type of cell’s nucleus was used in Dolly’s creation?
Somatic cell
Somatic cells are any cells of the body except sperm and egg cells.
If the original DNA strand is GTATGCCA, which option shows a point mutation?
B. GTATACCA
A point mutation involves a change in a single nucleotide.
What type of mutation is shown in the change from GTATGCCA to GTATACCA?
C. Point Mutation
A point mutation is a change in a single nucleotide.
In the given example, which nucleotide is changed in the point mutation?
B. T
The nucleotide ‘T’ is replaced by ‘A’ in the point mutation.
What is a key structural difference between DNA and RNA?
DNA is usually double-stranded, RNA is single-stranded
DNA uses deoxyribose sugar, RNA uses ribose sugar, and DNA contains thymine while RNA contains uracil.
Which of these bases is found in RNA but not in DNA?
Uracil
Adenine and Guanine are found in both RNA and DNA, while Thymine is exclusive to DNA.
What type of sugar is found in the backbone of DNA?
Deoxyribose
RNA contains ribose sugar instead.
How many strands does DNA typically have?
Two
RNA typically has a single strand.
Which base is replaced by Uracil in RNA?
Thymine
Thymine is found in DNA, while Uracil is found in RNA.
What is the name of the table shown in the image?
Karyotype
A karyotype is a display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape.
Which of the following is NOT a part of the table shown?
Gene mapping
Gene mapping refers to the methods used to identify the location of genes on a chromosome.
The table shown is a part of which biological field?
Genetics
Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in living organisms.
What does the table primarily depict?
Genetic code
The genetic code consists of the sequences of nucleotides in DNA and RNA that determine the amino acid sequences in proteins.
What are the three-letter combinations in the table known as?
Codons
Codons are sequences of three nucleotides that correspond to specific amino acids.
Where are codons found?
mRNA
Codons are found in messenger RNA (mRNA), which is transcribed from DNA.
What is the term for a three-nucleotide sequence that codes for an amino acid?
Codon
A codon is a specific sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that specifies an amino acid.
In which type of RNA are anticodons found?
tRNA
Anticodons are found in transfer RNA (tRNA), which helps translate codons into amino acids.
What molecule carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosome?
mRNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is responsible for conveying genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis.
If a segment of DNA is GTA TCT, what is the result of translation?
B. Histidine, arginine
What amino acid sequence does GTA TCT translate to?
A. His-Arg
In the given DNA sequence, what codon translates to Histidine?
A. GTA
The three letter abbreviation for Histidine is:
A. His
What is the three-letter abbreviation for Arginine?
A. Arg
Where is our DNA fingerprint found in the genome?
C. Noncoding regions
DNA fingerprints are primarily located in noncoding regions of the genome, which do not code for proteins.
According to the image, what part of the genome contains our DNA fingerprint?
C. Non-coding regions
Non-coding regions are significant for genetic diversity and individual identification.
Which genomic region does NOT contain our DNA fingerprint?
C. Coding regions
Coding regions are involved in protein synthesis and do not include DNA fingerprinting information.
What technique separates DNA based on length using an electrical current?
Gel electrophoresis
Gel electrophoresis is a method used in laboratories to separate mixtures of DNA, RNA, or proteins according to their size and charge.
Which method is used to amplify DNA?
PCR
PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is a widely used method to create multiple copies of a specific DNA segment.
What process involves converting DNA to RNA?
Transcription
Transcription is the first step in gene expression where a specific segment of DNA is copied into RNA.
What process synthesizes proteins from RNA?
Translation
Translation is the process in which ribosomes create proteins based on the information carried by RNA.
What is the process of building a protein from mRNA called?
Translation
Translation is the stage in gene expression where ribosomes synthesize proteins based on the sequence of mRNA.
Where does protein synthesis take place?
Ribosome
Ribosomes are the cellular structures where proteins are assembled from amino acids.
How many types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis?
Three
The three types of RNA involved in protein synthesis are messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
Is the process of building a protein from mRNA a part of gene expression?
Yes
Protein synthesis is a crucial component of gene expression, translating genetic information into functional proteins.
According to the image, are cells different in structure and function based on mutations?
A. True
Mutations can lead to variations in cell structure and function.
What is the main idea presented on the screen?
C. Mutations and cell differences
The focus is on how mutations affect cells.
What is the answer shown on the screen regarding cell differences?
A. True
The statement confirms that mutations impact cell differences.
What type of question is presented on the screen?
B. True or False
The question format is a binary choice.
If a gene segment has 300 nucleotides, how many amino acids does it code for?
100
Each amino acid is coded by three nucleotides.
How many nucleotides are needed to code for one amino acid?
3
This is a fundamental principle of genetic coding.
A gene segment with 900 nucleotides would code for how many amino acids?
300
This is calculated by dividing the total nucleotides by three.
What is the main topic discussed in the image?
Gene therapy for sickle cell anemia
According to the image, what does gene therapy for sickle cell anemia involve?
Editing a person’s own stem cells
What is one method NOT mentioned in the image for treating sickle cell anemia?
Medication
What kind of cells are edited in the gene therapy shown?
A person’s own stem cells
What is the goal of the gene therapy described?
To insert the correct gene
Which of the following statements about the human genome project is correct
In compare the DNA fingerprints of thousands of Americans
Which is the complementary RNA strand for CTAGATCC
GAUCUAGG
Which is a correct complementary base pairing rule
ATTCG
What is the name of the process that makes an exact copy of shared DNA strand?
Replication
Which enzyme is involved in transcription
RNA polymers
Which type of RNA carries amino acids to the to the growing
tRNA
