Chapter 8 Flashcards
What are the three distinct phases of interphase in a eukaryotic cell?
G1 (Gap 1), S (Synthesis), G2 (Gap 2)
Interphase is a crucial part of the cell cycle where the cell prepares for division.
What occurs during interphase?
Cell growth, DNA duplication, preparation for mitosis
These processes are vital for successful cell division.
True or False: Interphase consists of a single phase.
False
Interphase includes multiple phases: G1, S, and G2.
Fill in the blank: Interphase includes _______ phases.
three
The phases are G1, S, and G2.
What is incorrect about Option 1 regarding interphase?
It states there is only 1 phase
This is incorrect because interphase consists of multiple phases.
What is incorrect about Option 2 regarding interphase?
It includes the M phase (mitosis)
The M phase is not part of interphase.
What is incorrect about Option 4 regarding interphase?
It omits the G2 phase
G2 is an essential part of interphase.
What is interphase?
A critical phase in the cell cycle of eukaryotic cells where the cell prepares for division
Interphase consists of three distinct phases: G1, S, and G2.
What are the three distinct phases of interphase?
- G1 (Gap 1)
- S (Synthesis)
- G2 (Gap 2)
Each phase has specific functions in preparation for cell division.
What occurs during the G1 phase of interphase?
The cell grows and synthesizes proteins
This phase is essential for cell growth and preparation for DNA replication.
What happens during the S phase of interphase?
DNA is replicated
This phase is crucial for ensuring that each daughter cell receives an accurate copy of the genome.
What occurs during the G2 phase of interphase?
The cell continues to grow and prepares for mitosis
This phase involves the synthesis of proteins required for mitosis and further cell growth.
What is parthenogenesis?
Asexual reproduction where an unfertilized egg develops into a new individual.
In which group of animals is parthenogenesis particularly unusual?
Vertebrates.
Which species of lizard is highlighted for its parthenogenetic reproduction?
Komodo dragon.
What notable case study is mentioned regarding parthenogenesis?
A female Komodo dragon raised in captivity laid unfertilized eggs that hatched into baby lizards.
Name two other organisms that reproduce through parthenogenesis.
- Hammerhead sharks
- Crayfish
- Aphids
How does the note define parthenogenesis in relation to reproduction?
As a form of asexual reproduction.
What behaviors in female lizards can trigger hormonal changes leading to parthenogenesis?
Rubbing against other females.
What are the two types of sex chromosomes mentioned?
X and Y
What is the term for the pair of chromosomes that are not always the same?
Sex chromosomes
What type of determination is mentioned in relation to sex chromosomes?
Chromosomal sex determination
Which chromosomes are mentioned as examples of chromosomal sex determination?
Mammalian and bird chromosomes
What is an example of a chromosome where different types of genes might be found?
Chromosome 1
Fill in the blank: The genes for color and hemoglobin might be located on chromosome 1, but they can have different types such as _______.
blue bi-color and brown
What are chromosomes called when they have the same genes but potentially different types?
Homologous chromosomes
A display of condensed chromosomes is a(n)
karyotype
A karyotype is used to study chromosomal abnormalities.
What are the two identical copies of DNA called during DNA replication in a eukaryotic cell?
Sister chromatids
Sister chromatids are formed during the S phase of the cell cycle when DNA is replicated.
What is the haploid number of humans?
23
What is the haploid number of humans?
23
What attaches to the kinetochores during metaphase?
Spindle fibers
Spindle fibers are structures that help separate chromosomes during cell division.
During which phase do chromosomes align at the equatorial plate of the cell?
Metaphase
Metaphase is a stage in cell division where chromosomes are lined up before being separated.
Fill in the blank: The correct answer is _______.
metaphase
Metaphase is a crucial phase in the process of mitosis.
What is parthenogenesis?
Asexual reproduction where an unfertilized egg develops into a new individual.
In which type of organisms does parthenogenesis primarily occur?
Invertebrates and some vertebrates.
Which species of lizard is mentioned as an example of parthenogenesis?
A species of lizard (specific species not provided).
What notable case study is highlighted regarding parthenogenesis?
A female Komodo dragon raised in captivity that laid unfertilized eggs, which hatched into baby lizards.
Fill in the blank: Parthenogenesis is a form of _______ reproduction.
asexual
True or False: Parthenogenesis is common in vertebrates.
False
What are the two specific vertebrates discussed in relation to parthenogenesis?
Komodo dragons and hammerhead sharks.
What phenomenon does parthenogenesis illustrate in the context of reproduction?
Asexual reproduction.
What is parthenogenesis?
Asexual reproduction where an unfertilized egg develops into a new individual.
In which type of organisms does parthenogenesis primarily occur?
Invertebrates and some vertebrates.
Which species of lizard is mentioned as an example of parthenogenesis?
A species of lizard (specific species not provided).
What notable case study is highlighted regarding parthenogenesis?
A female Komodo dragon raised in captivity that laid unfertilized eggs, which hatched into baby lizards.
Fill in the blank: Parthenogenesis is a form of _______ reproduction.
asexual
True or False: Parthenogenesis is common in vertebrates.
False
What are the two specific vertebrates discussed in relation to parthenogenesis?
Komodo dragons and hammerhead sharks.
What phenomenon does parthenogenesis illustrate in the context of reproduction?
Asexual reproduction.
What is the case study discussed in the note?
A female Komodo dragon raised in captivity that laid unfertilized eggs, which hatched into baby lizards.
This example illustrates parthenogenesis in reptiles.
Name three other organisms that reproduce through parthenogenesis.
- Hammerhead sharks
- Crayfish
- Aphids
These examples demonstrate that parthenogenesis is not limited to one species.
What type of reproduction is parthenogenesis classified as?
A form of asexual reproduction.
Asexual reproduction does not involve the fusion of gametes.
What behavior in female lizards can trigger hormonal changes leading to parthenogenesis?
Rubbing against other females.
This behavior is linked to hormonal triggers that facilitate asexual reproduction.
What are replication errors?
Errors that occur during DNA replication, significant in organisms with high cell division rates like bacteria.
What are environmental insults in the context of DNA?
External factors that can damage DNA and lead to mutations.
What are mutagens?
Substances or agents that cause mutations in DNA.
True or False: Mutagens can be carcinogenic.
True
Fill in the blank: Mutagens are also known as _______.
[cancer-causing agents]
Why are replication errors more common in certain organisms?
They are more common in organisms with high cell division rates.
List two sources of mutations in DNA.
- Replication errors
- Environmental insults
What is parthenogenesis?
Asexual reproduction where an unfertilized egg develops into a new individual.
In which organisms is parthenogenesis unusually observed?
Vertebrates, particularly in lizards.
What notable case study is highlighted regarding parthenogenesis?
A female Komodo dragon raised in captivity laid unfertilized eggs that hatched into baby lizards.
Name some organisms that reproduce through parthenogenesis.
- Hammerhead sharks
- Crayfish
- Aphids
How do certain behaviors in female lizards trigger parthenogenesis?
By causing hormonal changes through actions like rubbing against other females.
What are replication errors in DNA?
Errors that occur during DNA replication, more significant in organisms with high cell division rates.
What are mutagens?
Substances or agents that cause mutations in DNA.
What is the relationship between mutagens and carcinogens?
Mutagens can be carcinogenic, meaning they can cause cancer.
What is HPV?
Human Papillomavirus, a sexually transmitted virus that causes almost all cervical cancers.
What is the potential impact of widespread HPV vaccination?
It could potentially eradicate cervical cancer.
List cancers that HPV can lead to beyond cervical cancer.
- Penile cancer
- Anal cancer
- Throat cancer
What happens when HPV integrates its DNA into a host’s cell?
It causes the host cell to replicate and produce new viruses, disrupting cell cycle control genes.
What are proto-oncogenes?
Genes that promote cell division and growth; mutations can lead to oncogenes causing uncontrolled growth.
What role do tumor suppressor genes play?
They prevent uncontrolled cell growth by triggering apoptosis when DNA damage is detected.
What are BRCA genes associated with?
DNA repair; mutations increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancers.
What is the function of the p53 gene?
It regulates cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, preventing cancer development.
What is a significant risk factor for lung cancer?
Cigarette smoke, which damages DNA and increases cancer risk.
What are cilia in the trachea?
Tiny hair-like structures that help move mucus and trapped particles out of the lungs.
What is the main function of the lymphatic system?
Fight infections and remove waste products from the body.
What is pus composed of?
Dead white blood cells and other cellular matter.
Fill in the blank: The _______ system is the secondary circulatory system.
Lymphatic
What happens to white blood cells in lymph nodes during an infection?
They multiply.
True or False: Cancer development involves the accumulation of multiple mutations.
True
What is the five-year survival rate trend for many types of cancers?
It has improved significantly over recent years.
What are environmental insults in the context of DNA mutations?
External factors that can damage DNA and lead to mutations.
