Exam 5 Flashcards
Gonads
-Primary sex organs
-Make gametes
-Males: Testes
-Females: Ovaries
Accessory reproductive organs
glands, ducts, genitals
Perineum
-diamond-shaped region
-pubic symphysis, coccyx, ischial tuberosities
Scrotum (3)
- Skin
- Dartos M. smooth muscle, wrinkling scrotum
- cremaster M. Skeletal m: external abdominal m., elevate testes, continuation
Dartos M.
smooth muscle, wrinkling scrotum
cremaster M.
Skeletal m: external abdominal m., elevate testes, continuation
Testes
Coatings
-Tunica Albugenia
-White fibrous tissue at surface of testes
Testes
interstitial cells of leydig
-between tubules
-make testosterone
Testes
seminiferous tubules
-hundreds per testes
-septa divide testes into lobules
-function: make sperm
tubulus rectes
-straight tubules: drain seminiferous tubules
rete testes
-network of tubules posterior to straight tubules
DUCTS (4)
- epidydimis
- vas (ductus) deferes
- ejaculatory duct
- urethra
- epidydimis
sperm storage+maturation
head, body, tail (inferior)
- vas (ductus) deferes
-travels within spermatic cord
-ends in ampulla (thickening behind bladder)
-lots of smooth m. in wall
- ejaculatory ducts
-tubes in posterior prostate gland that receieve sperm from vas deferens+ secretions from seminal vesicles
urethra
- Prostatic urethra
- (penile) spongy urethra
- membranous urethra
Glands
- Seminal Vesicle
- Prostate Gland
- Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) Gland
Seminal Vesicles
-pinky-sized glands on posterior bladder
-60% of semen volume comes from them
-secrete fructose: basic pH
Prostate Gland
-chestnut-sized
-33% of semen volume; enzymes for sperm activation; semen liquidification
Bulbourethral (Bowman’s) Gland
-pre-ejaculating fluid; clear mucus
-make pH of male urethra neutral (secretes an alkaline fluid)
-lubricate penis tip
Penis
Sections
-root: base
-shaft: Body
-glans: head
prepuce
-hood
-foreskin surrounding glans
erectile tissue
A) Corpus Spongiosum- erectile tissue surrounding urethra and within glans
B) Corpus Cavernosum-paired erectile bodies in roof and shaft
Corpus Cavernosum-
paired erectile bodies in roof and shaft
Corpus Spongiosum
erectile tissue surrounding urethra and within glans
Male Sexual Response
Erection
-blood fills erectile tissues
-dilates arterioles, compressing venules
-parasympathetic n.s.
Male sexual response
ejaculation
-sympathetic n.s.
-propulsion of semen from ducts
spermatogensis
-happens in seminiferous tubules of testes
-production of sperm
meiosis consists of
-2 consecrative divisions
-produce 4 haploid (23), single stranded chromosomes
Meiosis 1
-cut # of chromosomes in half
-homologous chromosomes separated
Meiosis 2
-chromosomes split into single-stranded chromosomes
Summary of events in the seminiferous tubules
1) spermatogensis begins
when spermatogonia divide mitotically producing an A spematagonium (keeps doing mitosis) and a B spermatogonium that develops into a primary spermatocyte
Summary of events in the seminiferous tubules
- Primary spermatocyte undergoes
Meiosis 1
-Producing 2 haploid secondary spermatocytes
Summary of events in the seminiferous tubules
- Secondary spermatocytes undergo
Meiosis 2 forming 4 spermatids
Summary of events in the seminiferous tubules
- Spermiogensis
-spermatids develop into spermatazoa
-sperm have a head (nucleas acrosome), midpeice (mitochondria), tail (flagellum)
Summary of events in the seminiferous tubules
- Sustentacular cells
-Secrete ABP that binds testosterone in testes
-secrete inhibition: when sperm # is high, inhibin secretion increases , decreasing FSH release
-move spermatogenic cells towards lumen
-form blood-testes barrier
Hormonal Regulation of Male repro function
- Brain testicular axis
-hypothalamus-pituitary g.-gonad
Hormonal Regulation of Male repro function
- Brain testicular axis
hypothalamus
-releases GnRH
Hormonal Regulation of Male repro function
- Brain testicular axis
anterior pituitary gland
-Releases
LH: stimulate interstitial cells to make T
FSH: stimulat sustentacular cells to make ABP
Hormonal Regulation of Male repro function
- Brain testicular axis
testes
-testosterone stimulates spermatogenesis
Hormonal Regulation of Male repro function
- Mechanisms and effects of testosterone activity
testosterone in synthesized from
-cholesterol
-it triggers gene expression in targets
Hormonal Regulation of Male repro function
- Mechanisms and effects of testosterone activity
testosterone targets
-cause growth+maintience of accessory sexual organs
-secondary sex characteristics, libido
-stimulate spermatogensis
-inhibits hypothalamus, anterior pituitary from releasing GnRH, LH
Female Repro Organs
- Ovaries
1 degree sex organs- contains folicles
-each follicle has one egg cell, many support cells
Female Repro Organs
a. Ovaries
- supports
-supensory ligament surrounds blood vessels: lateral, superior
-broad ligament: wide sheet of peritoneum in pelvic cavity
-ovarian ligament: medial to uterus
Female Repro Organs
b. ducts
- Fallopian tubes= uterine tubes=oviducts
a) fimbriae: fringe at end
b) infundibulum: funnel
c) ampulla: wide
d) isthmus: narrow
Female Repro Organs
b. ducts
- Uterus
a) regions: fundus, body, isthmus, cervix
b) wall: endometrium: simple columnar
myometrium: smooth m.
perimetrium: perineum
c) supports: round ligaments, muscles of pelvic floor
Female Repro Organs
b. ducts
3.vagina
-birth canal
-fornix: superior arch
-mucosa with rugae; stratified squamous
-hymen
external genitalia= vulva
-mons pubis
-labia majora: lateral folds, hairy skin
-labia minora: medial folds, hairless skin
-vestibule
-clitoris-erectile
-urethral+vaginal orifice
breasts
- mammary gland: alveolar shape
- supensatory ligament: to pec major m.
- nipples: opening to lacriferous ducts (sinuses are behind opening)
- aerolas: sebaceous glands
Female Reproductive Physiology
A. Oogenesis
-production of female gametes
Female Reproductive Physiology
A. Oogenesis
- Egg supply, egg production
-production starts with mitosis in fetal life-> many oogenia
Female Reproductive Physiology
A. Oogenesis
- In the fetal period
-oogenia become primary oocytes stored in primordial folicles
Female Reproductive Physiology
A. Oogenesis
- After puberty until menopause
-a few oocytes per month are activated to resume Mieosis I, follicles become primary follicles
-only one (dominant) follicle finishes m1 each month so that one 2 degree oocytes is ovulated
-2 degree oocytes start M2 but stops midway unless contacted by a sperm cell
Female Reproductive Physiology
B. The ovarian cycle
changes in ovary within a month
Female Reproductive Physiology
B. The ovarian cycle
- The follicular phase
-Days 1-14, dominant follicles grow and matures
Female Reproductive Physiology
B. The ovarian cycle
- Ovulation
-On day 14
-rupture of follicle, 2 degree oocyte released
Female Reproductive Physiology
B. The ovarian cycle
- The luteal phase
-day15-28
Corpus luteum secretes hormones
Hormonal Regulation of the ovarian cycle
a. during childhood
-ovaries grow and secrete small amount of estrogen
-puberty: change in GnRH
Hormonal Regulation of the ovarian cycle
b.
-increase GnRH: Increase LH and FSH
-FSH: stimulates follicle growth+estrogen release
-generally estrogen inhibits LH, FSH, and progesterone
-but… near day 13 estrogen levels hit a threshold that trigger GnRH, FSH, LH release
-LH surge triggers ovulation
-corpus luteum secretes progesterone+estrogen
-if no pregnancy then corpus luteum degenerates: E+P Levels fall
The Uterine (menstural) cycle
changes in endometrium over a month as determined by ovarian hormones
The Menstural Phase
-Days 1-5 menstural flow
-Sheeding of menstural fluid: functional layer of endometrium
The proliferation phase
-Days 6-14:
lining is rebuilt
increase blood vessels and glands
The secretory phase
-Days 15-28: endometrim secretes glycogen+other chemicals for embryo implantation
Effects of Estrogen
-Promote Follicle Growth
-Growth+maintenence of reproductive organs
-bone growth+ also closure of growth plates
-secondary sex characteristics
-breast, hips, pubic, and axillary hair
-
Effects of Progesterone
-Promotes pregnancy
–makes cervical mucus thicker
Female Sexual Response
1.Clitoris, vaginal musosa, breasts become engorged in blood
2. nipples errect
3. vestibular glands increase in activity
4. orgasm: sympathetic n.s. activity
5. adrenal steroid (DHEA) implicated in female libido
