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AP2 > Exam 5 > Flashcards

Exam 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Gonads

A

-Primary sex organs
-Make gametes
-Males: Testes
-Females: Ovaries

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2
Q

Accessory reproductive organs

A

glands, ducts, genitals

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3
Q

Perineum

A

-diamond-shaped region
-pubic symphysis, coccyx, ischial tuberosities

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4
Q

Scrotum (3)

A
  1. Skin
  2. Dartos M. smooth muscle, wrinkling scrotum
  3. cremaster M. Skeletal m: external abdominal m., elevate testes, continuation
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5
Q

Dartos M.

A

smooth muscle, wrinkling scrotum

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6
Q

cremaster M.

A

Skeletal m: external abdominal m., elevate testes, continuation

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7
Q

Testes

Coatings

A

-Tunica Albugenia
-White fibrous tissue at surface of testes

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8
Q

Testes

interstitial cells of leydig

A

-between tubules
-make testosterone

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9
Q

Testes

seminiferous tubules

A

-hundreds per testes
-septa divide testes into lobules
-function: make sperm

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10
Q

tubulus rectes

A

-straight tubules: drain seminiferous tubules

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11
Q

rete testes

A

-network of tubules posterior to straight tubules

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12
Q

DUCTS (4)

A
  1. epidydimis
  2. vas (ductus) deferes
  3. ejaculatory duct
  4. urethra
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13
Q
  1. epidydimis
A

sperm storage+maturation

head, body, tail (inferior)

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14
Q
  1. vas (ductus) deferes
A

-travels within spermatic cord
-ends in ampulla (thickening behind bladder)
-lots of smooth m. in wall

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15
Q
  1. ejaculatory ducts
A

-tubes in posterior prostate gland that receieve sperm from vas deferens+ secretions from seminal vesicles

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16
Q

urethra

A
  1. Prostatic urethra
  2. (penile) spongy urethra
  3. membranous urethra
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17
Q

Glands

A
  1. Seminal Vesicle
  2. Prostate Gland
  3. Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) Gland
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18
Q

Seminal Vesicles

A

-pinky-sized glands on posterior bladder
-60% of semen volume comes from them
-secrete fructose: basic pH

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19
Q

Prostate Gland

A

-chestnut-sized
-33% of semen volume; enzymes for sperm activation; semen liquidification

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20
Q

Bulbourethral (Bowman’s) Gland

A

-pre-ejaculating fluid; clear mucus
-make pH of male urethra neutral (secretes an alkaline fluid)
-lubricate penis tip

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21
Q

Penis

Sections

A

-root: base
-shaft: Body
-glans: head

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22
Q

prepuce

A

-hood
-foreskin surrounding glans

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23
Q

erectile tissue

A

A) Corpus Spongiosum- erectile tissue surrounding urethra and within glans

B) Corpus Cavernosum-paired erectile bodies in roof and shaft

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24
Q

Corpus Cavernosum-

A

paired erectile bodies in roof and shaft

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25
Q

Corpus Spongiosum

A

erectile tissue surrounding urethra and within glans

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26
Q

Male Sexual Response

Erection

A

-blood fills erectile tissues
-dilates arterioles, compressing venules
-parasympathetic n.s.

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27
Q

Male sexual response

ejaculation

A

-sympathetic n.s.
-propulsion of semen from ducts

28
Q

spermatogensis

A

-happens in seminiferous tubules of testes
-production of sperm

29
Q

meiosis consists of

A

-2 consecrative divisions
-produce 4 haploid (23), single stranded chromosomes

30
Q

Meiosis 1

A

-cut # of chromosomes in half
-homologous chromosomes separated

31
Q

Meiosis 2

A

-chromosomes split into single-stranded chromosomes

32
Q

Summary of events in the seminiferous tubules

1) spermatogensis begins

A

when spermatogonia divide mitotically producing an A spematagonium (keeps doing mitosis) and a B spermatogonium that develops into a primary spermatocyte

33
Q

Summary of events in the seminiferous tubules

  1. Primary spermatocyte undergoes
A

Meiosis 1

-Producing 2 haploid secondary spermatocytes

34
Q

Summary of events in the seminiferous tubules

  1. Secondary spermatocytes undergo
A

Meiosis 2 forming 4 spermatids

35
Q

Summary of events in the seminiferous tubules

  1. Spermiogensis
A

-spermatids develop into spermatazoa

-sperm have a head (nucleas acrosome), midpeice (mitochondria), tail (flagellum)

36
Q

Summary of events in the seminiferous tubules

  1. Sustentacular cells
A

-Secrete ABP that binds testosterone in testes

-secrete inhibition: when sperm # is high, inhibin secretion increases , decreasing FSH release

-move spermatogenic cells towards lumen

-form blood-testes barrier

37
Q

Hormonal Regulation of Male repro function

  1. Brain testicular axis
A

-hypothalamus-pituitary g.-gonad

38
Q

Hormonal Regulation of Male repro function

  1. Brain testicular axis

hypothalamus

A

-releases GnRH

39
Q

Hormonal Regulation of Male repro function

  1. Brain testicular axis

anterior pituitary gland

A

-Releases

LH: stimulate interstitial cells to make T

FSH: stimulat sustentacular cells to make ABP

40
Q

Hormonal Regulation of Male repro function

  1. Brain testicular axis

testes

A

-testosterone stimulates spermatogenesis

41
Q

Hormonal Regulation of Male repro function

  1. Mechanisms and effects of testosterone activity

testosterone in synthesized from

A

-cholesterol

-it triggers gene expression in targets

42
Q

Hormonal Regulation of Male repro function

  1. Mechanisms and effects of testosterone activity

testosterone targets

A

-cause growth+maintience of accessory sexual organs

-secondary sex characteristics, libido

-stimulate spermatogensis

-inhibits hypothalamus, anterior pituitary from releasing GnRH, LH

43
Q

Female Repro Organs

  1. Ovaries
A

1 degree sex organs- contains folicles

-each follicle has one egg cell, many support cells

44
Q

Female Repro Organs

a. Ovaries

  1. supports
A

-supensory ligament surrounds blood vessels: lateral, superior

-broad ligament: wide sheet of peritoneum in pelvic cavity

-ovarian ligament: medial to uterus

45
Q

Female Repro Organs

b. ducts

  1. Fallopian tubes= uterine tubes=oviducts
A

a) fimbriae: fringe at end
b) infundibulum: funnel
c) ampulla: wide
d) isthmus: narrow

46
Q

Female Repro Organs

b. ducts

  1. Uterus
A

a) regions: fundus, body, isthmus, cervix

b) wall: endometrium: simple columnar
myometrium: smooth m.
perimetrium: perineum

c) supports: round ligaments, muscles of pelvic floor

47
Q

Female Repro Organs

b. ducts

3.vagina

A

-birth canal
-fornix: superior arch
-mucosa with rugae; stratified squamous
-hymen

48
Q

external genitalia= vulva

A

-mons pubis
-labia majora: lateral folds, hairy skin
-labia minora: medial folds, hairless skin
-vestibule
-clitoris-erectile
-urethral+vaginal orifice

49
Q

breasts

A
  1. mammary gland: alveolar shape
  2. supensatory ligament: to pec major m.
  3. nipples: opening to lacriferous ducts (sinuses are behind opening)
  4. aerolas: sebaceous glands
50
Q

Female Reproductive Physiology

A. Oogenesis

A

-production of female gametes

51
Q

Female Reproductive Physiology

A. Oogenesis

  1. Egg supply, egg production
A

-production starts with mitosis in fetal life-> many oogenia

52
Q

Female Reproductive Physiology

A. Oogenesis

  1. In the fetal period
A

-oogenia become primary oocytes stored in primordial folicles

53
Q

Female Reproductive Physiology

A. Oogenesis

  1. After puberty until menopause
A

-a few oocytes per month are activated to resume Mieosis I, follicles become primary follicles

-only one (dominant) follicle finishes m1 each month so that one 2 degree oocytes is ovulated

-2 degree oocytes start M2 but stops midway unless contacted by a sperm cell

54
Q

Female Reproductive Physiology

B. The ovarian cycle

A

changes in ovary within a month

55
Q

Female Reproductive Physiology

B. The ovarian cycle

  1. The follicular phase
A

-Days 1-14, dominant follicles grow and matures

56
Q

Female Reproductive Physiology

B. The ovarian cycle

  1. Ovulation
A

-On day 14

-rupture of follicle, 2 degree oocyte released

57
Q

Female Reproductive Physiology

B. The ovarian cycle

  1. The luteal phase
A

-day15-28

Corpus luteum secretes hormones

58
Q

Hormonal Regulation of the ovarian cycle

a. during childhood

A

-ovaries grow and secrete small amount of estrogen

-puberty: change in GnRH

59
Q

Hormonal Regulation of the ovarian cycle

b.

A

-increase GnRH: Increase LH and FSH

-FSH: stimulates follicle growth+estrogen release

-generally estrogen inhibits LH, FSH, and progesterone

-but… near day 13 estrogen levels hit a threshold that trigger GnRH, FSH, LH release

-LH surge triggers ovulation

-corpus luteum secretes progesterone+estrogen

-if no pregnancy then corpus luteum degenerates: E+P Levels fall

60
Q

The Uterine (menstural) cycle

A

changes in endometrium over a month as determined by ovarian hormones

61
Q

The Menstural Phase

A

-Days 1-5 menstural flow

-Sheeding of menstural fluid: functional layer of endometrium

62
Q

The proliferation phase

A

-Days 6-14:
lining is rebuilt
increase blood vessels and glands

63
Q

The secretory phase

A

-Days 15-28: endometrim secretes glycogen+other chemicals for embryo implantation

64
Q

Effects of Estrogen

A

-Promote Follicle Growth
-Growth+maintenence of reproductive organs
-bone growth+ also closure of growth plates
-secondary sex characteristics
-breast, hips, pubic, and axillary hair
-

65
Q

Effects of Progesterone

A

-Promotes pregnancy
–makes cervical mucus thicker

66
Q

Female Sexual Response

A

1.Clitoris, vaginal musosa, breasts become engorged in blood
2. nipples errect
3. vestibular glands increase in activity
4. orgasm: sympathetic n.s. activity
5. adrenal steroid (DHEA) implicated in female libido

AP2 (7 decks)

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