Exam 3 Flashcards
Lymphatics
Functions (3)
Location?
- Immune surveillance
- Absorb large molecules. e.g. fats in small intestine
- Reclaim fluids from interstitial space back into circulation
*location: throughout the body but not in bones, teeth, CNS
Lymphatics
Tubes caring lymph (in order)- one way flow to heart
- Lymphatic capillaries
- Lymphatic vessels
- Lymphatic trunks
- Lymphatic ducts (two)
Lymphatics: Tubes caring lymph (in order)- one way flow to heart
Lymphatic capillaries
-small, dead end tubes
-mini valves between walls cells let fluid in
–collagen filaments attach them to nearby tissue cells
-lacteals: lymph capillaries of small intestine that pick up the chyle
Lymphatics: Tubes caring lymph (in order)- one way flow to heart
Lymphatic Vessels
-resemble veins with thin walls (but do have 3 tunics)
–have valves to ensure flow of lymph towards heart; flow aided by skeletal muscle pump and respiratory pump that enhance pressure gradient, flow also aided by arterial pulse, also aided by smooth muscle contraction in wall of lymph vessel
Lymphatic capillaries: LACTEALS
lymph capillaries of small intestine that pick up the chyle
what helps flow occur in lymphatic vessels
-have valves to ensure flow of lymph towards heart;
-flow aided by skeletal muscle pump and respiratory pump that enhance pressure gradient
-flow also aided by arterial pulse
-also aided by smooth muscle contraction in wall of lymph vessel
Lymphatics: Tubes caring lymph (in order)- one way flow to heart
Lymphatic Trunks
-jugular, subclavian, brachiomediastinal lumbar, intestinal
Lymphatics: Tubes caring lymph (in order)- one way flow to heart
Lymphatic Ducts (two)
a) thoracic duct (most of the bodies lymph)
-in front of vertebrae
-starts with cisterna chyli
b) right lymphatic duct (lymph from R head, R chest, R upper extremity
*both ducts drain into subclavian veins
Lymphatic Ducts: Right Lymphatic Duct
(lymph from R head, R chest, R upper extremity
Lymphatic Ducts
thoracic duct
(location, what does it begin with)
(most of the bodies lymph)
-in front of vertebrae
-starts with cisterna chyli
Lymphatic Organs
Nodes
(where are they, fed and drained?, what type of tissue)
-concentrated in inguinal, cervical, axillary regions
-pea-sized
-hilum=indentation
–fed lymph by multiple different afferent vessels
–drained by few efferent vessels at hilum
-reticular connective with many lymphocytes, macrophages
-follicles produce b-cells that can become plasma cells that make antibodies
nodes: Follicles produce…
follicles produce b-cells that can become plasma cells that make antibodies
Lymphatic Organs
Spleen
-size of the heart (fist)
-on L side of the body
-hilum faces medially
-Red Pulp: RBC recycling iron storage, platelet storage
-White Pulp: Lymphocyte surveilling blood for pathogen
Spleen
-Red Pulp
RBC recycling iron storage, platelet storage
SPLEEN
White Pulp
Lymphocyte surveilling blood for pathogen
Lymphatic Organs
Thymus
Location+ what does it do?
-Near Trachea+ Heart
-Larger in kids than seniors
-Helps development of immune cells
–Proliferation, specialization of T cells
Lymphatic Organs
Tonsils
-MALT: Mucosa Associated lymphatic tissue
–MALT is also in the intestine wall and the appendix
-surround pharynx to surville air and food that come in; have crypt
–palatine tonsils: mouth
–pharyngeal (nasopharynx) tonsils: adenoids
–lingual tonsils: base of tongue
–tubal tonsils: near opening of auditory tube
–palatine tonsils:
mouth
–pharyngeal (nasopharynx) tonsils:
adenoids
–lingual tonsils:
base of tongue
–tubal tonsils:
near opening of auditory tube
Respiratory Anatomy
External Nose
(what is the root, bridge, type of cartilages)
-root: frontal bone
-bridge: nasal bones
-cartilage: hyline
–septal cartilage
–lateral cartilage
–alar cartillage
Respiratory Anatomy
Internal Nose
(whats the linings, what bones)
-External Nares: Nostril
-Vestibule: has vibrissae
-Nasal Septum: Midline
–Septal cartilage, vomer bone, ethmoid bone’s perpendicular plate
-nasal conchae: turbinates: superior, middle, inferior, help warm. moisten. filter
–superior, middle, inferior meatus
-lining: Pseudo stratified mucosa, olfactory mucosa (superior part of cavity)
-internal nares: posterior nasal aerture
-lining:
a) in the nasal cavity
b) superior part of cavity
a)Pseudo Stratified mucosa
B) olfactory mucosa
Nasal Conchae (turbinates)
turbinates: superior, middle, inferior, help warm. moisten. filter
Respiratory Anatomy
Paranasal Sinuses
What are they, their names, their function
-cavities in skull bones lined w/ mucosa
-maxillary sinus, sphenoid, ethmoid, frontal
-Function: Lighten skull, voice resonance, warm+ moisten air
Respiratory Anatomy
Pharynx: Throat
Location+ what surrounds it?
-skull to C6
-surrounded by skeletal muscle
Respiratory Anatomy
Nasopharynx
Location, whats it for, what is it lined with, what is here
-above+behind palate
-for air
- pseudo stratified epithelial
-adenoids, tubal tonsils (auditory tubes opening) live here
Respiratory Anatomy
Oropharynx
location, whats it for, its lining, what is here
-From uvula to epiglottis
-for air+food so has stratified squamous
-home to palatine and linguinal tonsils
Respiratory Anatomy
Laryngopharynx
Loc and lining?
-Behind Larynx
-for air+ food so has stratified squamous lining
-continues inferiorly to esophagus
Larynx Extent (location)
c4-c6: between pharynx and trachea
Larynx cartilage
-made of hyaline cartalige
a) thyroid: anterior, laryngeal prominence
b) cricoid: ring at bottom of larynx
c) arytenoid: pyramid shaped on back of larynx, attached to vocal chord
d) corniculate: small cartilage pieces on top of arytenoids
elastic cartillage
e) epiglottis: cover opening to larynx when swallowing
epiglottis (cartilage)
cover opening to larynx when swallowing
*made of elastic cartilage
corniculate cartilage
small cartilage pieces on top of arytenoids
arytenoid cartilage
pyramid shaped on back of larynx, attached to vocal chord
cartilage
thyroid
anterior, laryngeal prominence
cartilage
cricoid
ring at bottom of larynx
Larynx
Vocal Folds
-true vocal cords
-glottis: vocal folds+ space between them
-ridges in larynx below vestibule
Larynx
Vestibular Folds
-False vocal cords
-Help close off airway when swallowing
Trachea location
between larynx and bronchi
Trachea inner wall
whats there + lining
Inner= musosa
-pseudo stratified ciliated epithelium
-lamina propria- loose connective t
Trachea Middle wall
-Trachea cartilage (Hyaline)
-Trachealis muscle (smooth muscle)
Trachea Outer wall
-adventitia
Trachea Carina
-ridge of cartilage and epithelium (sensory neuron rich) at bottom of trachea; helps start cough reflex
Bronchial Tree
Conducting Zone (Ventilating Zone) is the
The anatomical dead space
Bronchial Tree Conducting Zone (Ventilating Zone)
A) Primary Bronchi (2) R Primary Bronchus is wider and more vertically oriented than L primary bronchus
B) Secondary Bronchi (5): Lobar Bronchii 2 on left and 3 on right
C) Tertiary Bronchi: Segmental Bronchii
D) Many more splits
E) bronchioles: 1mm or smaller diameter
F) Terminal bronchiole: end of conducting zone (Have no alveoli)
Primary Bronchi
R Primary Bronchus is wider and more vertically oriented than L primary bronchus
(2)
Bronchial Tree Respiratory Zone
a) Respiratory Bronchioles
b) alveolar ducts
c) alveolar sacs: clumps of alveoli
d) alveoli/ alveolus= 1 bubble
i) type 1 cells- squamous
ii) type 2 cells- cuboidal, secrete surfacant
iii) macrophages: engulf foreign particles
type 1 cells:
types 2 cells
i) type 1 cells- squamous
ii) type 2 cells- cuboidal, secrete surfacant
Secondary Bronchii
Lobar Bronchii 2 on left and 3 on right
(5)
Gross Anatomy: Lungs
Each lung has
hilum+ pleurae
Gross Anatomy: Lungs
Hilum
Here does the indentation, base, and apex point/ faces to
roots are what and where
-indentation (faces medially)
-Apex: Points up
-Base- Faces interiorly
-Root- tubes (blood vessel, broncus) at hilum
Gross Anatomy: Lungs
Pleurae
-separate sac for each lung
-visceral pleurae: inner
+ pleural space/ cavity with fluid
-parietal pleura: superficial
Gross Anatomy: Lungs
Lobes In each lung
L lung has 2 lobes
R lung has 3 lobes
-lobes separated by fissures
Mechanics Of Breathing: Pressure relationships in the thoracic cavity
Intrapulmonary pressure is the pressure in the
-the lungs (the alveoli)
-Rises and falls during breathing but equalizes with atmospheric pressure
(If airway is open)
Mechanics Of Breathing: Pressure relationships in the thoracic cavity
Intraplueral pressure is the pressure in the
-the pleural cavity
-rises and falls with breathing but lower than the intrapulmonary pressure
-it varies inversely with chest volume
What is pulmonary ventilation
INSPIRATION AND EXPIRATION
-a mechanical process causing gas flow in and out of the lungs according to volume changes in the thoracic cavity
Boyles Law States
pressure is inversely related to volume in a closed container
During Quiet Inspiration…
-Diaphragm and external intercostals contract
-causes increased chest volume so chest pressure decreases and air flows in
During Forced Inspiration
-Also contracts sterenocleidomastoid muscle and scalane muscles and pec. minor muscles
-increases chest volume further so more air flows into lungs
Quiet expiration is a _ process
passive
Quiet expiration relies on
-eslastic recoil of chest muscles and lung tissue decreases thoracic volume
-pressure increases so air flows out
Forced expiration is an _ process
active
Forced expiration
what intercostals contract?
-internal intercostals contract
-abdomincal muscles contract and push abdominal organs toward chest so chest volume decreases and pressure increases: air flows out
Airway resistance is the _ encountered by air in the airway; gas flow is _ as airway resistance increases
Friction
Decreased
Alveolar surface tension due to water in the alveoli…
-draws alveolar walls closer together
-makes inspiration tougher
-surfactant lowers surface tension; premature babies don’t make enough surfacant
lung complience is determined by
3
distendability of lung tissue and the surrounding thoracic cage, and alveolar surface tension
it is important for lung complience to be ___…
HIGH. for lung inflation during inspiration
Tidal Volume
The amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs during each relaxed breath
The inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) is
the amount of air that can be inspired above TV
The expiratory reserve volume (ERV) is
The amount of air that can be expired beyond TV
Residual Volume (RV) is the amount of air
remaining in the lungs after forced expiration
Inspiratory Capacity (IC) is the sum of
max amount of air someone can take in after a tidal inhalation TV+IRV
Vital Capacity is
Its equation
The total amount of exchangeable air
VC=IRV+TV+ERV
The Total lung capacity is
Equation
the sum of all lung volumes
TLC= Vital capacity+ Residual Volume
The anatomical dead space is the
volume of the conducting zones- External nares to terminal bronchioles
Anatomical dead space (in terms of gas exchange)
-does not contribute to gas exchange: It has no alveoli
Alveolar ventilation rate (AVR) equals
respiratory rate times (tidal volume minus dead space)
AVR= RR* (TV-DS)
Pulmonary Function tests evaluate
respiratory function using a spirometer to distinguish between obstructive (blockage-cant ventilate quickly) and restrictive (lungs can’t expand for full inspiraton) pulmonary disorders
Obstructive Pulmonary Disorders
Blockage: Can’t ventilate Quickly
Restrictive pulmonary disorders
lungs cant expand for full inspirartation
Spirometer shows decreased vital capacity with ____
Restrictive Disorders (e.g. fibrosis from TB, scoliosis, obesity)