Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Lymphatics

Functions (3)
Location?

A
  1. Immune surveillance
  2. Absorb large molecules. e.g. fats in small intestine
  3. Reclaim fluids from interstitial space back into circulation

*location: throughout the body but not in bones, teeth, CNS

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2
Q

Lymphatics

Tubes caring lymph (in order)- one way flow to heart

A
  1. Lymphatic capillaries
  2. Lymphatic vessels
  3. Lymphatic trunks
  4. Lymphatic ducts (two)
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3
Q

Lymphatics: Tubes caring lymph (in order)- one way flow to heart

Lymphatic capillaries

A

-small, dead end tubes
-mini valves between walls cells let fluid in
–collagen filaments attach them to nearby tissue cells
-lacteals: lymph capillaries of small intestine that pick up the chyle

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4
Q

Lymphatics: Tubes caring lymph (in order)- one way flow to heart

Lymphatic Vessels

A

-resemble veins with thin walls (but do have 3 tunics)
–have valves to ensure flow of lymph towards heart; flow aided by skeletal muscle pump and respiratory pump that enhance pressure gradient, flow also aided by arterial pulse, also aided by smooth muscle contraction in wall of lymph vessel

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5
Q

Lymphatic capillaries: LACTEALS

A

lymph capillaries of small intestine that pick up the chyle

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6
Q

what helps flow occur in lymphatic vessels

A

-have valves to ensure flow of lymph towards heart;
-flow aided by skeletal muscle pump and respiratory pump that enhance pressure gradient
-flow also aided by arterial pulse
-also aided by smooth muscle contraction in wall of lymph vessel

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7
Q

Lymphatics: Tubes caring lymph (in order)- one way flow to heart

Lymphatic Trunks

A

-jugular, subclavian, brachiomediastinal lumbar, intestinal

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8
Q

Lymphatics: Tubes caring lymph (in order)- one way flow to heart

Lymphatic Ducts (two)

A

a) thoracic duct (most of the bodies lymph)
-in front of vertebrae
-starts with cisterna chyli

b) right lymphatic duct (lymph from R head, R chest, R upper extremity

*both ducts drain into subclavian veins

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9
Q

Lymphatic Ducts: Right Lymphatic Duct

A

(lymph from R head, R chest, R upper extremity

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10
Q

Lymphatic Ducts
thoracic duct
(location, what does it begin with)

A

(most of the bodies lymph)
-in front of vertebrae
-starts with cisterna chyli

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11
Q

Lymphatic Organs

Nodes

(where are they, fed and drained?, what type of tissue)

A

-concentrated in inguinal, cervical, axillary regions
-pea-sized
-hilum=indentation
–fed lymph by multiple different afferent vessels
–drained by few efferent vessels at hilum
-reticular connective with many lymphocytes, macrophages
-follicles produce b-cells that can become plasma cells that make antibodies

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12
Q

nodes: Follicles produce…

A

follicles produce b-cells that can become plasma cells that make antibodies

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13
Q

Lymphatic Organs

Spleen

A

-size of the heart (fist)
-on L side of the body
-hilum faces medially
-Red Pulp: RBC recycling iron storage, platelet storage
-White Pulp: Lymphocyte surveilling blood for pathogen

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14
Q

Spleen

-Red Pulp

A

RBC recycling iron storage, platelet storage

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15
Q

SPLEEN

White Pulp

A

Lymphocyte surveilling blood for pathogen

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16
Q

Lymphatic Organs

Thymus
Location+ what does it do?

A

-Near Trachea+ Heart
-Larger in kids than seniors
-Helps development of immune cells
–Proliferation, specialization of T cells

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17
Q

Lymphatic Organs

Tonsils

A

-MALT: Mucosa Associated lymphatic tissue
–MALT is also in the intestine wall and the appendix
-surround pharynx to surville air and food that come in; have crypt
–palatine tonsils: mouth
–pharyngeal (nasopharynx) tonsils: adenoids
–lingual tonsils: base of tongue
–tubal tonsils: near opening of auditory tube

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18
Q

–palatine tonsils:

A

mouth

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19
Q

–pharyngeal (nasopharynx) tonsils:

A

adenoids

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20
Q

–lingual tonsils:

A

base of tongue

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21
Q

–tubal tonsils:

A

near opening of auditory tube

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22
Q

Respiratory Anatomy

External Nose

(what is the root, bridge, type of cartilages)

A

-root: frontal bone
-bridge: nasal bones
-cartilage: hyline
–septal cartilage
–lateral cartilage
–alar cartillage

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23
Q

Respiratory Anatomy

Internal Nose

(whats the linings, what bones)

A

-External Nares: Nostril
-Vestibule: has vibrissae
-Nasal Septum: Midline
–Septal cartilage, vomer bone, ethmoid bone’s perpendicular plate
-nasal conchae: turbinates: superior, middle, inferior, help warm. moisten. filter
–superior, middle, inferior meatus
-lining: Pseudo stratified mucosa, olfactory mucosa (superior part of cavity)
-internal nares: posterior nasal aerture

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24
Q

-lining:

a) in the nasal cavity

b) superior part of cavity

A

a)Pseudo Stratified mucosa
B) olfactory mucosa

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25
Q

Nasal Conchae (turbinates)

A

turbinates: superior, middle, inferior, help warm. moisten. filter

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26
Q

Respiratory Anatomy

Paranasal Sinuses

What are they, their names, their function

A

-cavities in skull bones lined w/ mucosa
-maxillary sinus, sphenoid, ethmoid, frontal
-Function: Lighten skull, voice resonance, warm+ moisten air

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27
Q

Respiratory Anatomy

Pharynx: Throat

Location+ what surrounds it?

A

-skull to C6
-surrounded by skeletal muscle

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28
Q

Respiratory Anatomy

Nasopharynx

Location, whats it for, what is it lined with, what is here

A

-above+behind palate
-for air
- pseudo stratified epithelial
-adenoids, tubal tonsils (auditory tubes opening) live here

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29
Q

Respiratory Anatomy

Oropharynx

location, whats it for, its lining, what is here

A

-From uvula to epiglottis
-for air+food so has stratified squamous
-home to palatine and linguinal tonsils

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30
Q

Respiratory Anatomy

Laryngopharynx

Loc and lining?

A

-Behind Larynx
-for air+ food so has stratified squamous lining
-continues inferiorly to esophagus

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31
Q

Larynx Extent (location)

A

c4-c6: between pharynx and trachea

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32
Q

Larynx cartilage

A

-made of hyaline cartalige
a) thyroid: anterior, laryngeal prominence
b) cricoid: ring at bottom of larynx
c) arytenoid: pyramid shaped on back of larynx, attached to vocal chord
d) corniculate: small cartilage pieces on top of arytenoids

elastic cartillage
e) epiglottis: cover opening to larynx when swallowing

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33
Q

epiglottis (cartilage)

A

cover opening to larynx when swallowing

*made of elastic cartilage

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34
Q

corniculate cartilage

A

small cartilage pieces on top of arytenoids

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35
Q

arytenoid cartilage

A

pyramid shaped on back of larynx, attached to vocal chord

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36
Q

cartilage

thyroid

A

anterior, laryngeal prominence

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37
Q

cartilage
cricoid

A

ring at bottom of larynx

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38
Q

Larynx

Vocal Folds

A

-true vocal cords
-glottis: vocal folds+ space between them
-ridges in larynx below vestibule

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39
Q

Larynx

Vestibular Folds

A

-False vocal cords
-Help close off airway when swallowing

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40
Q

Trachea location

A

between larynx and bronchi

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41
Q

Trachea inner wall

whats there + lining

A

Inner= musosa
-pseudo stratified ciliated epithelium
-lamina propria- loose connective t

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42
Q

Trachea Middle wall

A

-Trachea cartilage (Hyaline)
-Trachealis muscle (smooth muscle)

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43
Q

Trachea Outer wall

A

-adventitia

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44
Q

Trachea Carina

A

-ridge of cartilage and epithelium (sensory neuron rich) at bottom of trachea; helps start cough reflex

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45
Q

Bronchial Tree

Conducting Zone (Ventilating Zone) is the

A

The anatomical dead space

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46
Q

Bronchial Tree Conducting Zone (Ventilating Zone)

A

A) Primary Bronchi (2) R Primary Bronchus is wider and more vertically oriented than L primary bronchus
B) Secondary Bronchi (5): Lobar Bronchii 2 on left and 3 on right
C) Tertiary Bronchi: Segmental Bronchii
D) Many more splits
E) bronchioles: 1mm or smaller diameter
F) Terminal bronchiole: end of conducting zone (Have no alveoli)

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47
Q

Primary Bronchi

A

R Primary Bronchus is wider and more vertically oriented than L primary bronchus

(2)

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48
Q

Bronchial Tree Respiratory Zone

A

a) Respiratory Bronchioles
b) alveolar ducts
c) alveolar sacs: clumps of alveoli
d) alveoli/ alveolus= 1 bubble
i) type 1 cells- squamous
ii) type 2 cells- cuboidal, secrete surfacant
iii) macrophages: engulf foreign particles

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49
Q

type 1 cells:
types 2 cells

A

i) type 1 cells- squamous
ii) type 2 cells- cuboidal, secrete surfacant

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50
Q

Secondary Bronchii

A

Lobar Bronchii 2 on left and 3 on right

(5)

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51
Q

Gross Anatomy: Lungs

Each lung has

A

hilum+ pleurae

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52
Q

Gross Anatomy: Lungs

Hilum

Here does the indentation, base, and apex point/ faces to

roots are what and where

A

-indentation (faces medially)
-Apex: Points up
-Base- Faces interiorly
-Root- tubes (blood vessel, broncus) at hilum

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53
Q

Gross Anatomy: Lungs

Pleurae

A

-separate sac for each lung
-visceral pleurae: inner
+ pleural space/ cavity with fluid
-parietal pleura: superficial

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54
Q

Gross Anatomy: Lungs

Lobes In each lung

A

L lung has 2 lobes
R lung has 3 lobes
-lobes separated by fissures

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55
Q

Mechanics Of Breathing: Pressure relationships in the thoracic cavity

Intrapulmonary pressure is the pressure in the

A

-the lungs (the alveoli)
-Rises and falls during breathing but equalizes with atmospheric pressure
(If airway is open)

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56
Q

Mechanics Of Breathing: Pressure relationships in the thoracic cavity

Intraplueral pressure is the pressure in the

A

-the pleural cavity
-rises and falls with breathing but lower than the intrapulmonary pressure
-it varies inversely with chest volume

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57
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation

A

INSPIRATION AND EXPIRATION
-a mechanical process causing gas flow in and out of the lungs according to volume changes in the thoracic cavity

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58
Q

Boyles Law States

A

pressure is inversely related to volume in a closed container

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59
Q

During Quiet Inspiration…

A

-Diaphragm and external intercostals contract
-causes increased chest volume so chest pressure decreases and air flows in

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60
Q

During Forced Inspiration

A

-Also contracts sterenocleidomastoid muscle and scalane muscles and pec. minor muscles
-increases chest volume further so more air flows into lungs

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61
Q

Quiet expiration is a _ process

A

passive

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62
Q

Quiet expiration relies on

A

-eslastic recoil of chest muscles and lung tissue decreases thoracic volume
-pressure increases so air flows out

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63
Q

Forced expiration is an _ process

A

active

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64
Q

Forced expiration

what intercostals contract?

A

-internal intercostals contract
-abdomincal muscles contract and push abdominal organs toward chest so chest volume decreases and pressure increases: air flows out

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65
Q

Airway resistance is the _ encountered by air in the airway; gas flow is _ as airway resistance increases

A

Friction
Decreased

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66
Q

Alveolar surface tension due to water in the alveoli…

A

-draws alveolar walls closer together
-makes inspiration tougher
-surfactant lowers surface tension; premature babies don’t make enough surfacant

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67
Q

lung complience is determined by
3

A

distendability of lung tissue and the surrounding thoracic cage, and alveolar surface tension

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68
Q

it is important for lung complience to be ___…

A

HIGH. for lung inflation during inspiration

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69
Q

Tidal Volume

A

The amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs during each relaxed breath

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70
Q

The inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) is

A

the amount of air that can be inspired above TV

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71
Q

The expiratory reserve volume (ERV) is

A

The amount of air that can be expired beyond TV

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72
Q

Residual Volume (RV) is the amount of air

A

remaining in the lungs after forced expiration

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73
Q

Inspiratory Capacity (IC) is the sum of

A

max amount of air someone can take in after a tidal inhalation TV+IRV

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74
Q

Vital Capacity is

Its equation

A

The total amount of exchangeable air

VC=IRV+TV+ERV

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75
Q

The Total lung capacity is

Equation

A

the sum of all lung volumes

TLC= Vital capacity+ Residual Volume

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76
Q

The anatomical dead space is the

A

volume of the conducting zones- External nares to terminal bronchioles

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77
Q

Anatomical dead space (in terms of gas exchange)

A

-does not contribute to gas exchange: It has no alveoli

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78
Q

Alveolar ventilation rate (AVR) equals

A

respiratory rate times (tidal volume minus dead space)
AVR= RR* (TV-DS)

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79
Q

Pulmonary Function tests evaluate

A

respiratory function using a spirometer to distinguish between obstructive (blockage-cant ventilate quickly) and restrictive (lungs can’t expand for full inspiraton) pulmonary disorders

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80
Q

Obstructive Pulmonary Disorders

A

Blockage: Can’t ventilate Quickly

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81
Q

Restrictive pulmonary disorders

A

lungs cant expand for full inspirartation

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82
Q

Spirometer shows decreased vital capacity with ____

A

Restrictive Disorders (e.g. fibrosis from TB, scoliosis, obesity)

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83
Q

Obstuctive disorders are best measured with

A

Flow meters:
Decreased flow with increased resistancem (e.g. bronchitis, asthma, enphysema)

84
Q

External Respiration Involves

A

Pulmonary gas exchange

85
Q

External Expiration Involves

A

O2 loading of blood in pulmonary capillaries when CO2 is being unloaded

86
Q

A steep partial pressure gradient exists between blood in the pulmonary arteries and the alveoli, and O2 diffused rapidly from

A

O2 in alveolar air towards blood in the pulmonary capillaries (CO2 goes in the other direction)

87
Q

Ventilation-Profusion Coupling ensures a close match between the amount of

if O2 levels in the air are high:
O2 levels are low:

A

Fresh air and blood going into a section of the lung

-e.g. if O2 levels in the air are high: dialate pulmonary arterioles
-if O2 levels are low: Constrict pulmonary arterioles

88
Q

The respiratory membrane is usually

A

-very thin to allow for easy diffusion
-has large surface area

89
Q

Internal Respiration Involves

A

Capillary Gas exchange in the body tissues

90
Q

Internal Respiration

A
  1. The diffusion Gradients for oxygen and carbon dioxide are reversed from those for external respiration and pulmonary gas exchange
  2. The partial pressure of oxygen in body tissues is lower than it is in blood and so O2 diffuses out of the blood (it is “unloaded”) to body tissue cells
91
Q

Oxygen Transport

Since molecular oxygen is poorly soluable in water, it needs help to be transported through the blood

A

-only 1.5% Of the O2 disolves in plasma

-98.5% of O2 binds to hemoglobin

92
Q

How many O2 molecules can be bound to hemoglobin

A

Up to four oxygen molecules can be reversibly bound to a molecule of hemoglobin-one oxygen on each iron

93
Q

The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen changes with each sucessive oxgen that is bound or released so that

A

-when more O2 is bound, Hb has more affinity to O2
-when less O2 is bound, Hb affinity for O2 is low
-makes loading and unloading efficient

94
Q

What happens to the amount of oxygen Hb unloads when…

There are high partial plasma pressures of oxygen:

When plasma pressure drops dramatically (eg vigorous excersise):

A

There are high partial plasma pressures of oxygen: Hb unloads little oxygen

When plasma pressure drops dramatically (eg vigorous excersise): more more oxygen can be unloaded

95
Q

Temperature, blood pH, PCO2 influence hB affinity (“grip on o2”) for oxygen

A

-high T, high CO2 and low pH lower hB affinity for O2

96
Q

Carbon Dioxide is transported in blood in three ways

A

-7% of CO2 dissolves in plasma
-23% of CO2 binds to hB
-70% of CO2 is converted by carbonic anhydrase into carbonic acid which gives rise to bicarbonate ions

97
Q

the haldane effect encourages CO2 exchange between lungs and tissues

A

-when O2 is low Hb easily binds CO2 but when O2 high Hb releases CO2 easily

98
Q

the carbonic acid bicarbonate buffer system of the blood is formed when

A

carbonic anhyrase is present and it catalyzes combination of CO2 and H2O

99
Q

Neural Mechanisms and Breathing rhythm

normal RR

A

15breaths/min

100
Q

The medulla oblongata contains respiratory control areas called

A

VRG, DRG

101
Q

Respiratory control areas

VRG of medulla

A

-front

-generates rhythm of breathing

-its inspiratory neurons excite cervical motor neurons (C3-C5) that are attached to phrenic nerve to diaphragm

102
Q

DRG of medulla

what does it get input from

A

-posterior

-influence activity in the VRG
-get input from peripheral proprioceptors and other brain areas as well as chemoreceptors

103
Q

The pontine respitatory group (within the pons) provide….By modifying…

A

provide fine tuning of respiratory patterns (e.g. when speaking) by modifying activity of medullary respiratory neurons

104
Q

The pontine respiratory group

A

-recieves PNS and CNS inputs during speech and excersise
-Influences DRG and VRG of medulla to smooth inspiration and expiration transitions

105
Q

Factors influencing breathing rate and depth

Influence of higher brain centers

A

-the limbic system, strong emotions, pain activate the hypothalamus, which mods rr and depth

-the cerebral cortex can exert voulentary control over respiration by bypassing the medulary centers and directly stimulating the respiratory centers

106
Q

Chemical Factors influencing breathing rate and depth

what are the strongest stimuli influencing respiration

A

-plasma and cerebrospinal fluid levels of pCO2

107
Q

Chemical Factors influencing breathing rate and depth

Evevated pCO2

A

=hypercapnia= lowers pH

108
Q

Chemical factors influencing breathing rate and depth

(what detects)

A

-central chemoreceptors in brainstem excite the respiratory neurons nearby

-peripheral chemoreceptors in aorta+ carotid also sensitive to chemistry (including decreased O2)

109
Q

blood PCO2 affects breathing ___ through___

A

affects breathing indirectly through peripheral chemoreceptors

110
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors monitor

A

plasma Po2 and stimulate an increase in ventilation when PO2 drops below 60mmHg

111
Q

as arterial pH declines.. the respiratory system attempts to compensate by

A

-causing an increase in rate and depth of breathing

-then increase in ventilation brings PCO2 and PH back to normal

112
Q

Respiratory adjustments during exercise

during vigorous exercise, deeper and more vigorous respirations, called ___, ensure that….

A

hyperpnea ensure that tissue demands for oxygen are being met

113
Q

three neural factors contribute to the change of respiration with exercise

A

-conscious anticipation
-motor cortex and muscle proprioceptors excites brainstem respiratory neurons

114
Q

homeostatic imbalances of the respiratory system

COPD causes

Emphysema
Bronchitis

A

-cause dyspnea; increases infections

  1. emphysema: alveoli breakdown
  2. bronchitis: bronchial mucosa inflamed
115
Q

asthma is characterized by…

A

-coughing, dyspnea, wheezing, and chest tightness brought on by active inflammation of the airways

-sporadically obstructive

-environmental+ genetic risk factors

116
Q

TB is an infecious disease caused by….

A

-the bacterium Mycobaterium TB and spread by coughing and inhalation

-causes fibourus nodules in lungs
-restrictive

117
Q

Two main groups of the digestive system organs

A

alimentary canal and accessory organs

118
Q

Alimentary canal or GI tract

A

-mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

119
Q

accessory digestive organs aid digestion but are not

A

the tubes that food passes through

120
Q

Accessory Digestive Organs

(3 are in mouth)

A

-teeth, tongue, salivary gland, pancreas, liver, gallbladder

121
Q

6 Steps of digestion

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Propulsion
  3. Mechanical Breakdown
  4. Chemical Digestion
  5. Absorption
  6. Defecation
122
Q
  1. Ingestion
A

-put food in mouth

123
Q
  1. Propulsion
A

-Swallowing by skeletal muscle
-Peristalsis by smooth muscle

124
Q
  1. Mechanical Breakdown
A

-Chewing
-Swallowing
-Segmention

125
Q
  1. Chemical Digestion
A

-hydrolysis: add water+enzyme to split large molecule

126
Q
  1. Absorption
A

-Takes small molecules into blood or lymph

127
Q
  1. Defecation
A

-Elimination of solid waste

128
Q

Digestive Activity within the small intestine is triggered by

A

mechanical and chemical stimuli

129
Q

Controls of digestive activity are both extrinsic and intrinsic

A

Extrinsic: Long reflexes, involve neurons and glands outside of the GI tract

Intrinsic: short reflexes occurring within the GI tract

130
Q

Peritoneum

Visceral vs parietal

A

sheets of membrane w fluid that reduce friction

visceral=inner
parietal=outer

131
Q

Mesentery is a _ That_

A

mesentery is a double layer of peritoneum that suspends organs and blood vessels

132
Q

Retroperitoneal

A

sits behind the parietal peritoneum

133
Q

Histology Of the Alimentary Canal

Muscosa

What is it? its function and what is there?

A

slick, inner lining

function: Absorption, mucus secretion, protection, hormone secretion

epithelial layer, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa

134
Q

Mucosa: Epithelial Layer (lining)

A

-mostly simple columnar but is stratified squamous in mouth and anus (top+bottom)

135
Q

Muscosa: Lamina Propria

A

Loose C.T.

136
Q

Muscosa: Muscularis Mucosa

what type of m?

A

smooth m. to cause inner lining

137
Q

Histology Of the Alimentary Canal

Submucosa (3)

A

-connective tissue
-submucosal glands
-sibmucosal plexus: network of neurons

138
Q

Histology Of the Alimentary Canal

Muscularis Externa

function+whats there

A

Function: segmentation and peristalsis

-thick layer of smooth M
–Circular layer (inner)
–longitudinal layer (outer)
-mesenteric plexus or neurons

139
Q

Histology Of the Alimentary Canal

Serosa

other name+ function

A

-visceral peritoneum
-hold things together while lowering friction

140
Q

Mouth

  1. another name
  2. what is it between
  3. lining?
A

-Buccal cavity
-vestibule: between gums+ lips and cheeks
-lined by stratified squamous

141
Q

Lips: Labia

A

-red margins
-skin orbicularis oris m.
-labial frenula connects lips to gums

142
Q

Cheeks

A

-musocsa
-buccinator m.
-skin covering

143
Q

Palate

A

Roof of mouth

-hard palate+ soft palate

144
Q

Hard palate

A

-bony: anterior
-palatine process of maxillae
-palatine bones

145
Q

Soft Palate

A

-posterior
-mucosa w skeletal m.
-uvula
-palatoglossal arch, fauces, palato-pharageal arch

146
Q

TONGUE

A

-mostly skeletal M.
-intrinsic and extrinsic
-lingual frenulum connects to floor of mouth

PAPILLAE: Filiform=smallest

House taste buds:
fungiform
foliate
circumvallate: big row at back of tongue (in front of terminal sulcus)

147
Q

Salivary gland function

A

Make and secrete saliva

-moisten food
-cleanse mouth
-break down complex carbs

148
Q

Extrinsic Glands

Parotid g.

A

-Near ear
-Duct opens near upper 2nd molar

149
Q

Extrinsic Glands

sublingual gland

A

-under tongue

150
Q

Extrinsic Glands

submandibular g.

A

-under jaw
-duct opens to lingual frenulum

151
Q

Extrinsic Glands (3)

A

-submandibular
-sublingual
-parotid

152
Q

intrinsic gland

Salivary Gland

A

-small, numerous glands in mouth

153
Q

Teeth= Dentitions

a) decidous

A

-baby teeth
-20 total
-erupt by 3yr, lost 6-12 yr

154
Q

Teeth= Dentitions

b) permanent

A

-32 (28+ 4 wisdom)
-start coming in at 6yr

155
Q

Teeth= Dentitions

c) classes of teeth (4)

A
  1. inscisors (8) chisels
  2. canines (4) fangs for tearing
  3. premolars (8) grind teeth
  4. molars (12) grind teeth (include wisdom: 3rd molars)
156
Q

Tooth structure

  1. Crown
A

-visible portion
-enamel cover
-Ca++ Rich

157
Q

Tooth structure

  1. Neck
A

-Constriction
-Surrounded by gums

158
Q

Tooth structure

  1. Root
A

-embedded in jaw bone connected by periodontal ligaments
-cementum covering
-1-4 roots

159
Q

Tooth structure

  1. Tissues
A

-enamal, dentin, cementum care ca++ rich, hard
-pulp is blood vessels+ nerves

160
Q

Pharynx

A

-oropharynx+ laryngopharyx
-lines with stratified squamous
-wall contains skeletal m.

161
Q

esophagus

lined
type of m. in sup and inf

A

lined w stratified squam

-tube from throat to stomach
-lined w stratified squamous
-superior part has mostly skeletal m in wall
-inferior part has mostly smooth ,

162
Q

stomach

a) Regions

A

-cardia: near cardiac/ gastroesophageal sphincter
-fundus: dome
-body: main part
-pyloric region: has valve (sphincter) at exit

163
Q

stomach regions

carida

A

near cardiac/ gastroespohageal sphincter

164
Q

stomach regions

fundus

A

dome

165
Q

stomach regioms

body

A

main part

166
Q

stomach regions

pyloric region

A

has valve (sphincter) at exit

167
Q

stomach

b) surface curves

A

-greater curvature: convex L+down
–greater omentum: mesentary off greater curvature
-lessercurvature: concave R+ UP
–lesser omentum: mesentrary off lesser curvature (toward liver)

168
Q

stomach surface. curves

greater curvature:

greater omentum

A

curvature: convex L+ down

omentum: mesentary off greater curvature

169
Q

stomach surface

lesser curvature

lesser omentum

A

curvature: concave R+ up

omentum: mesentary off lesser curvature (toward liver)

170
Q

stomach

c) rugae

A

-ridges of mucosa folds within empty stomach

171
Q

stomach

d) microscopic anatomy

lining + glands?

A

-simple columnar epithelial lining
-gastric glands (deep to pits) secrete gastric juice

172
Q

stomach

e) physiological processes

A

-gastrin stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCL
-cheif cells secrete pepsinogen which will become pepsin inside stomachs lumen
-secrete intrinsic factor for vitamin B12
-churning: mechanical breakdown of food

173
Q

stomach

e) physiological processes

gastrin stimulates

A

parital cells to secrete HCL

174
Q

stomach

e) physiological processes

cheif cells secrete

A

pepsinogen which will become pepsin inside stomachs lumen

175
Q

stomach

e) physiological processes

secretes instrinsic factor for

A

vitamin b12

176
Q

stomach

e) physiological processes

churning

A

mechanical breakdown of food

177
Q

small intestine

a) functions

A

-segmentation+chemical digestion+absorption of nutrients
-release CCK in response to arrival of fatty foods
-CCK stimulates gallbladder+ pancrease to secrete chemicals into small intestin

178
Q

small intestine

b) divisions

A

1) Duodenum: recieves hepatopancreatic ampulla of major papilla
2) jejunum
3) ilium: ends at iliocecal valve

179
Q

small intestine

c) features that increase surface area

A

-circular folds- 1cm tall
-villi- 1mm tall
-microvilli- 1 um tall

180
Q

Liver

A

4 lobes: R lobe (largest), L lobe, quadrate lobe, caudate lobe
-falciform ligament: anterior
-round ligamnt (teres): scar of umbilical V

181
Q

Gall bladder

where is it+ what goes after it lol

A

-back of livers R lobe

-gallbladder-> cystic duct-> common bile duct->hepatopancreatic ampulla-> sends bile into deuodemum when CCK is present

182
Q

Pancreas

A

-is a retroperitoneal accessory gland
-has a main pancreatic duct
-pancreatic juice; basic PH, many ezymes
-also makes hormones (eg insulin)

183
Q

Large intestine aborbs __ from food and ___feces

also absorbs

A

absorbs water from food and eliminates feces

-also absorbs some B vitamins and + Vitamin K

184
Q

Large intestine segments

A

-cecum
-ascending colon-> R hepatic flexture
-transverse colon-> L splenic flexture
-decending colon
-sigmoid colon
-rectum
-anal canal- anal sphincter; external sphincter is skeletal m.
-tenia coli- smooth m. -> haustra

185
Q

Chemical Digestion is

A

catabolism to make food molecules small enough for absorption

186
Q

Catabolism is acomplished by

A

-hydrolysis: splitting with water (reactant)
-breaks a polymer into monomers by adding water using an enzyme

187
Q

Carbohydrates

Monosachharides

A

simple sugars (eg glucose and fructose) directly absorbed

-no digestion needed

188
Q

Carbohydrates

Disacharides: which will be

A

-Broken down+ products are absorbed

189
Q

Carbohydrates

Starch is a

A

-digestable polysacharide
-broken down by amalayse
(cellulose is a non-degestible polysach)

190
Q

chem digestion begins in the__ with\

resumes in the

A

begins in the mouth with salivary amylase
-resumes in the small intestine with pancreatic amylase and with brush border enzymes such as lactase

191
Q

proteins come from

A

-food but also digestive secretions in the tract

192
Q

pepsin

what is it secreted by

A

-is secreted by chief cells in the stomach as pepsinogen

-pepsinogen becomes pepsin in stomach lumen

193
Q

Pancreatic enzymes:

A

trypsin and chymotrypsin

-released as inactive precursors that are activated in duodenum; break peptides down

194
Q

Brush Border Enzymes

A

-carboxypeptidase, aminopepsidase, dipepsidase

-break down small peptides so that amino acids can be absorbed

195
Q

Lipids are

A

elumsified and digested

196
Q

bile emulsifies lipid glob

A

-reduces attrations between the lipids within the glob
-disperses globs into droplets

197
Q

lipase chemically digests lipids

chem equation

A

H2O+tryglycerides—-lipase—->monoglyceride+ 2 F.A.

198
Q

Nucleic Acids (both DNA and RNA) are hydrolyzed to their

A

nucleotide monomers by pancreatic nucleases from pancreatic juice

-brush border nucleases finish digestion

199
Q

absorption occurs throughout the

A

small intestine but most is completed before chyme reaches the ilium

200
Q

Absorption of specific nutrients

Glucose

absorbed by ___ into___ ___ exports by

A

-glucose is absorbed by secondary active transport into epitheliel cell of intestine lining; the cell exports the glucose by facilitated diffusion

201
Q

Absorption of specific nutrients

Amino Acids

A

-are absorbed by secondary active transport

-the cell exports the a.a. by facilitated diffusion

202
Q

Absorption of specific nutrients

Monoglyerides and free fatty acids combine with other molecules to form..

exocytosis removes…

A

-Micelles (fats+bile)

-Lipids of micelles diffuse passivly into cell

-exocytosis removes chylomicrons to go into lymph of lacteals

203
Q

the small intestine absorbs…

the large intestine absorbs…

A

small: dietary vitamins

large: vitamin B and K

204
Q

electrolytes are actively absorbed throughout…. except for

A

the entire small intestine

except for calcium and iron which are absorbed in the duodenum

205
Q

Most abundent substance in chyme

A

-Water: 95% of it is absorbed in the small intestine by osmosis

206
Q

Malabsorption of nutrients can result from anything that

A

interferes with delievery of bile or pancreatic juices, as well as factors that damage intestinal mucosa

-

207
Q

dz causing poor absorption

A

celiac