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PSY 365 > EXAM 5 > Flashcards

EXAM 5 Flashcards

1
Q

reactive depression vs major depressive disorder

A

reactive depression: we all feel this at times, reason can be pinpointed to an event, passes eventually

major depressive disorder: continually having depressive episodes over a large period of time

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2
Q

why aren’t MAO-I drugs not used much anymore?

A

several dietary restrictions, side effects, and safety concerns, only used as a last resort for depression regularly

-insomnia, weight gain, hypertension, drug interactions, tyramine effects (when on MAO-I, the liver cannot break it down, when levels built it activates the sympathetic nervous system → physical side effects: headaches etc)

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2
Q

which 2 parts of the brain were suggested to be involved in anxiety disorders like panic attacks and PTSD?

A

amygdala (over activated=fear)
orbitofrontal cortex = not enough control of this area

both regulate emotions

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3
Q

what are some side effects associated with barbiturates?

A

cannot focus as well, reduces REM, cognitive impairment, high physical dependence/abuse, potentially fatal rebound effect

high doses= gross intoxication and respiratory depression –> death

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3
Q

which disorders are benzodiazepines used to treat?

A

anxiety, sleep disorders, muscle problems, mild seizures/convulsions, alcohol withdrawal

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4
Q

how is BuSpar different from other anti-anxiety drugs?

A

agonist for 5-HT IA receptor, changes receptors over time (takes weeks to feel effects)

more for chronic anxiety, not short term

DOES NOT ACT ON GABA
AGONIST FOR SEROTONIN

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5
Q

what is the dopamine hypothesis?

A

too much or too little dopamine in the brain could directly correlate to symptoms of schizophrenia

  • psychosis: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking
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6
Q

what is the law of thirds?

A

long term outcome for patients with schizophrenia can be divided into 3 categories:
- 1/3rd will not respond
- 1/3rd will not respond very well
- 1/3rd wind up somewhere in between

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7
Q

what is tardive dyskinesia?

A

hyperkinetic movements; patients on antipsychotics experience uncontrollable movements in certain parts of their bodies

-tongue protrusion, facial grimacing, lip smacking/puckering, eye blinking, writhing movements

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8
Q

what are some positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

hallucinations, disorganized speech/thoughts, disorganized motor behavior, catatonia (sitting immobile for long periods of time),

delusions: persecution, grandeur (inflated self image), erotomania (believe another person is in love with them), control (belief that people will control them), referential (belief that publicized events are directly related to them)

OLFACTORY HALLUCINATIONS

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9
Q

what are some negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

flat effect (emotions don’t show outwardly), low energy, alogia (lack of speech), avolition (lack of initiative to complete purposeful tasks), anhedonia (inability to enjoy), social withdrawal

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10
Q

what is arganulocytosis?

A

loss of white blood cells from high levels of clozapine, which decreases immune system function

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11
Q

what are the 4 basic effects of NSAIDs? Do all NSAIDs exert all 4 effects?

A

anti-inflammatory, antipyretic (fever reducer), analgesic (reduce pain), anticoagulant (blood thinner)

not all exert all 4 effects (only aspirin does)

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12
Q

which OTC drugs are often abused by teens to get high? what effects can it have on the brain?

A

dextromethorphan (DXM), cough medicine

Nausea/Vomiting/Diarrhea/Dizziness/Gas, tachycardia, HBP, depression/psychosis, sexual dysfunction, diaphoresis, robo Itch, brain damage (olney lesions)

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12
Q

what is a risk associated with high doses of acetaminophine?

A

liver toxicity (use in conjunction with alcohol or other drugs, or too high of a dose)

kidney issues/failure: taking it for longer periods of time, chronic issues

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13
Q

how do NSAIDs work as an analgesic?

A

treats pain + inflammation (non-steroidal), manages peripheral pain and acts on pain receptors where the injury occurred

  • by inhibiting COX enzymes (aracihidonic acid)
  • COX 1: clotting, COX 2: pain/inflammation
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14
Q

FDA approval process

A

used for 1-3 years in animal studies, safety review, then human trials (3 phases –> 7 years)

15
Q

who in the population should not take aspirin?

A

pregnant women, children, or people with stomach problems

16
Q

what type of drug is dextromethorphan and what does it do?

A

cough suppressant, can be fatal in high doses (can cause similar effects to hallucinogenic drugs)

16
Q

what is diphenhydramine and what is it used for in OTC drugs?

A

antihistamine used in OTC drugs like benadryl, nyquil, tylenol etc

allergies, sleep aid, etc

17
Q

which chemical is found in OTC stimulants?

A

ephedrine and psuedoephedrine

caffeine ?

18
Q

risks associated with the use of herbal supplements

A

not FDA approved, lack of regulation, can;t prove that they cure/treat, inconsistencies in contents

19
Q

what do companies who market ginkgo biloba claim it does?

A

help target dementia/alzheimer’s (false)

sharpens cognition (false)

anticoagulant, does help with strokes and contains antioxidants

19
Q

which neurotransmitters are effected by ephedrine and what basic effect does it have on the brain?

A

norepinephrine, epinephrine (adrenaline), and dopamine

  • potent psychostimulant (alertness, increased arousal, cognitive enhancement, etc)
20
Q

what is st john’s wort used for?

A

depression, anxiety, insomnia

21
Q

what is kava used for and what is one major concern associated with its use?

A

relieve anxiety, stimulate GABA

really bad for liver, can cause failure/jaundice

21
Q

what is zicam used to treat?

A

treats colds, kills olfactory receptors, which can cause loss of smell

available as cough drops

21
Q

what do companies who market echinacea claim it does?

A

marketed as cold and flu remedy, shown to not do anything at all (cause allergies and GI issues)

22
Q

what is melatonin and what is it suggested to do by companies who market it?

A

supposed sleep aid, debatable if it works (may not be harmful), seems to improve jetlag

23
Q

what are parkinsonian symptoms associated with the use of first gen antipsychotic drugs?

A

motor disturbances such as tremors, muscle rigidity, abnormal muscle movements

blockage of dopamine receptors in the basal ganglia –> decreased dopamine activity in the brain

24
Q

Which antipsychotic drugs treat mostly positive symptoms but have less effect on negative symptoms?

A

risperdal, zyprexa, seroquil

25
Q

which antipsychotic drugs treat both positive and negative drugs?

A

clorazil, abilify (others work, not as effective w negative symptoms)

26
Q

MAOIs

A

blocking the enzyme MAO, which breaks down neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, leading to an increase in the levels of these neurotransmitters in the brain

27
Q

tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)

A

blocks the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine, leading to increased levels of these neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft

28
Q

selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

A

block the reuptake of serotonin

29
Q

serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)

A

blocks the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine

30
Q

anti-anxiety drugs and neurotransmitter interactions

A

barbiturates and benzodiazepenes target GABA receptors

second gen drugs target serotonin and norepinephrine receptors

31
Q

thorazine and haldol

A

1st gen antipsychotics, block dopamine

32
Q

which neurotransmitter is associated with schizophrenia?

A

dopamine

33
Q

clorazil, risperdal, zyprexa, seroquil

A

second generation antipsychotics (atypical), block dopamine but also have effects on serotonin

fewer motor side effects, treat both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia

34
Q

generations of antipsychotic drugs

A

first gen: thorazine and haldol

second gen: clorazil, risperdal, zyprexa, seroquil

third gen: abilify

PSY 365 (4 decks)

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