EXAM 1

Question 1

pharmacokinetics

Answer 1

the movement of drugs through the body via absorption, distribution (circulatory system), metabolism, and elimination

Question 2

routes of drug administration

Answer 2

• absorption through mucus membranes (snorting), sinuses, mouth (chewing)

-absorption through the skin (patches)

-injections: intravenous (directly into bloodstream, fast), intramuscular (directly into muscle, slow), subcutaneous (under the skin)

• fastest: inhalation

Question 3

circulatory system (veins and arteries)

Answer 3

veins carry blood from the body to the heart, arteries carry blood away from the heart

carotid artery: going away from the heart, to the brain

jugular vein: going toward the heart

Question 4

circulatory system (deoxygenated blood)

Answer 4

right side of the heart: atrium –> ventricle –> lungs

Question 5

circulatory system (oxygenated blood)

Answer 5

left side of the heart: atrium –> ventricle –> brain

Question 6

drug metabolism

Answer 6

liver, small intestines, hepatocytes (P450), biotransformation

Question 7

drug excretion

Answer 7

kidneys, lungs, small intestine, skin

Question 8

half lives

Answer 8

1 half life= 50% in the body, 2 half lives= 25%, 3 half lives= 12.5%

Question 9

drug tests screen for which 5 drugs?

Answer 9

COCAP (cannabinoids, opiates, cocaine, amphetamines, PCP)

Question 10

urine vs hair drug analyses

Answer 10

urine: drugs detected within hours of use, detected for 1-7 days after use (up to weeks for dependent users)

hair: only for chronic users can take up to 4 days- 2 weeks for drug to show in follicle, detected for up to 90 days after use

Question 11

what factors affect drug metabolism?

Answer 11

genetics, grapefruit juice affects absorption of alcohol/drugs, physiology

Question 12

central nervous system

Answer 12

just the brain and spinal cord

Question 13

peripheral nervous system

Answer 13

nerves going out of brain into the body and vice versa

Question 14

sympathetic nervous system

Answer 14

stimulation: fight or flight

Question 15

parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 15

inhibitory: rest and digest

Question 16

what are the functions of each lobes in the brain?

Answer 16

occipital: vision

temporal: learning, memory, identification, hearing

parietal: spatial processing/awareness

frontal: proper behavior, problem solving, logical thinking, emotion

Question 17

hippocampus

Answer 17

learning, paranoia

Question 18

amygdala

Answer 18

emotional processing

Question 19

thalamus

Answer 19

processes senses for interpretation

Question 20

hypothalamus

Answer 20

maintains homeostasis (eating/drinking, thermoregulation)

Question 21

basal ganglia

Answer 21

regulates voluntary motor movements (twitching, shakiness)

Question 22

pituitary gland

Answer 22

growth, hormones, metabolism

Question 23

reticular formation

Answer 23

activates cortex (wakes you up) serotonin big role

Question 24

pons

Answer 24

respiratory control

Question 25

medula

Answer 25

heart rate control

Question 26

meninges

Answer 26

layers of protective tissue between brain and skull

Question 27

how do neurons communicate?

Answer 27

action potential down the axon, neurotransmitters released into synapse, travel across and bind to receptors which opens ion channels and generates a new action potential into new neuron

Question 28

dendrites

Answer 28

branches, where neurons receive info from other neurons

Question 29

cell body

Answer 29

integrates info, makes proteins

Question 30

axon

Answer 30

cable/tube, carries electrical info (action potential) to other neurons

Question 31

terminal buttons

Answer 31

end of neuron which connects to dendrites of other neurons to communicate info

Question 32

synapse

Answer 32

space where dendrites and terminal buttons connect to relay info

Question 33

noncompetitive vs competitive binding site

Answer 33

noncompetitive: binds to a location other than the binding site competitive: bind to same bonding site as neurotransmitters lock and key

Question 34

acetylcholine

Answer 34

only made in 3 places in the brain and in the muscles excitatory and inhibitory Curare induces paralysis

Question 35

glutamate

Answer 35

always excitatory, found throughout the brain

Question 36

GABA

Answer 36

inhibitory and found throughout the brain strychnine, antagonist

Question 37

dopamine

Answer 37

made in 2 places in the brain, excitatory or inhibatory amphetamine is an agonist drug for dopamine

Question 38

agonist

Answer 38

promotes synthesis and release, blocks degrading enzyme (reuptake)

Question 39

antagonist

Answer 39

blocks synthesis and release, stimulates degrading enzyme (reuptake)

Question 40

norepinephrine

Answer 40

1 place, excitatory

Question 41

serotonin

Answer 41

1 place, excitatory

Question 42

recreational vs instrumental drug use

Answer 42

recreational: for fun, for its effects instrumental: for a socially approved goal (adhd drugs, to stay awake, to sleep, etc)

Question 43

drug misuse vs drug abuse

Answer 43

misue: inappropriate use (too many/few) abuse: affects function

Question 44

physical vs psychological dependence

Answer 44

physical: withdrawals psychological: craving, need

Question 45

acute vs chronic toxicity

Answer 45

acute: harm occurs immediately or soon chronic: harm occurs long period of time

Question 46

schedules for controlled substances

Answer 46

1- high potential for abuse, no accepted medical use 2- high potential for abuse, some accepted medical use 3- some potential for abuse, accepted medical use 4- low potential for abuse, accepted medical use 5- minimal potential for abuse, widespread medical use as schedule gets higher in number, its potential for abuse decreased and medical use increases

Question 47

drug tolerance

Answer 47

gradually diminished effect of drugs after repeated use metabolic: liver breaks down drug faster pharmacodynamic: receptors are less sensitive behavioral: conditioning to a context

Question 48

dose response curves

Answer 48

graphical representations of dosage of a drug and its effect on a population, help researchers understand potency/efficacy/safety

Question 49

drug interactions

Answer 49

additive: (5+10=15)effects of both drugs is added hyperadditive (synergistic): when drugs added, effect is more than what it normally would be antagonist: two drugs taken together cancel each other out (dangerous)