EXAM 2 Flashcards by caitlin arellano

primary psychoactive chemical in marijuana?

THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol)

400+ chemicals, ex: CBD (cannabidiol)

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routes of absorption for THC

inhaled by smoke/vapor, orally by edibles
-inhalation is fastest (20-3- seconds to get to brain and 1 minute to feel effects)
orally can take 2 hours to make it to bloodstream (metabolized into 11-hydroxy-THC, stronger and longer lasting)

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what type of receptors does THC bind to in the brain?

cannabinoid receptors (anandamide naturally made and mimicked)

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how is THC metabolized?

P450 family of hepatocytes
- 11-hydroxy-THC (stronger than THC)
- final metabolite: carboxy THC, (THC- COOH), urine analysis, half life 19-30 hours

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overdose on marijuana vs LSD

not possible to die or overdose on either alone
- can die from cardiovascular/pulmonary issues related to marijuana
- deaths from LSD happen due to an increase in risky behavior (accidents)

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different forms of marijuana (concentrations of THC)

butane honey oil (BHO): (wax) up to 80% and highest form- dabbing

hashish: 8-14% THC

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amotivational syndrome

people become lazy and not motivated in life (trouble concentrating, memory impairment, lack of follow-through)

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physical side effects of chronic marijuana use

cardiovascular: irregular contractions of the heart (greater risk of stroke or heart attack)

pulmonary (lungs): benzopyrene, equally as bad as tobacco smoke

brain development in teens

immune system: immunosuppressant

reproductive system: males (testosterone reduced), females (growth of eggs, implantation of egg in uterus, menstrual cycle) babies exposed can develop ADHD

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marijuana vs tobacco (health risks)

puff- to- puff there is the same damage from cigarettes and marijuana, cigarette smokers take more puffs (much fewer puffs are taken of marijuana)

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marijuana as a gateway drug

intrinsic argument: marijuana will lead to the use of other drugs

socio-cultural argument: friends w/ whom you smoke marijuana may expose you to other drugs

marijuana users are 7x more likely to use stronger drugs

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salvia divinorium

plant (diviner’s sage, magic mint, etc)
- salvinorin A: psychoactive chemical that leads to the high
- agonist to the kappa opiod
- very different to THC (causes trance-like state)
- dissimilar to both LSD and THC

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hallucinogen trips

salvia: much shorter (lasts 15-20 minutes)

mescaline: longer trip (about 10 hours, takes a while to have effects on brain)

DMT: short trip

psilocybin: trip of 2-5 hours

LSD: long high 5-9 hours

PCP: can last hours to days

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psychoactive chemicals in “spice”

cannabicyclohexanol
- major concerns: tachycardia, agitation, vomiting, seizures
- THC reduces seizures while spice increases them

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which hallucinogenic drugs affect serotonin receptors?

LSD, psilocybin, psilocyn, mescaline, MDMA

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naturally occurring vs man-made hallucinogens

natural: psilocybin, psilocin, mescaline (peyote), lysergic acid amide, DMT, salvia

synthetic: LSD, synthetic psilocybin, ketamine, PCP, spice, MDMA

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hallucinogenic drugs: chemical similarity to serotonin and norepinephrine

serotonin: LSD, psilocybin, psilocin, DMT

norepinephrine: mescaline, MDMA

cross tolerance

tolerance to one drug that can produce tolerance to a pharmacologically similar substances (ex. LSD, psilocybin, mescaline)

creation of LSD

albert hofman in a swiss lab (1938)
- trying to synthesize lysergic acid to decrease blood flow for use in procedures like childbirth, accidental creation

flashbacks and LSD

reliving the experience on the drug (days or months after taking the drug), something may have stayed in the body and changed receptors

does tolerance occur in LSD?

builds very quickly (four days in a row, 5th day wouldn’t feel it), 5-7 days of non use diminishes tolerance
- pharmacodynamic tolerance, receptors adapt quickly to LSD and stop responding

synesthesia

when 2 of your senses mix, when one sensory receptor is triggered by another (ex. hearing colors and seeing music)

hallucination vs perceptual distortion

hallucination: seeing something that isn’t actually there (ex. seeing a person or shadow that is not there)

perceptual distortion: seeing something real/physical in an inaccurate form “altered perception (ex. thinking the walls are breathing, toe throwing up)

active chemical in mushrooms?

psilocybin is the active chemical, psilocin is the metabolite for psilocybin (also an active chemical)

mushrooms are less potent than LSD, shorter trip, more visual hallucinations, less emotionally intense

DMT

chemical that is naturally found in our brain (endogenous chemical)

most commonly snorted, can also be smoked
effects happen quickly and only last about an hour
half-life is only 15 minutes

which neurotransmitters are affected by MDMA (ecstasy)?

norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin - blocks reuptake of serotonin which gives hallucinogenic effects -serotonin (hallucinogenic aspects of drug), norepinephrine and dopamine (stimulant aspect of drug)

what chemical is often added to ecstasy and why is this combo dangerous?

dextromethorpan (commonly found in cough medicine), has hallucinogenic effects, reduces sweating response + ecstasy's increase of body temperature response leads to dangerous risk of hyperthermia

MDMA brain alterations, negative side effects

kills neurons, especially serotonin - neurotoxicity, short + long term memory problems, attention issues, depression/anxiety, hyperthermia, tachycardia, concussions, kidney/liver failure, death - monkey experiment, serotonin levels never the same after use of drug

side effects of ecstasy

- euphoric feeling, feel close to others (hug drug), emotional sensitivity, lights are brighter, positive effects - wear pacifier to help with jaw clenching

how is peyote taken and what is the dosage?

mescal buttons (about 5, 200mgs) can also be smoked, common in religious ceremonies

psychoactive chemical in peyote (absorption and metabolization)

chemical is mescaline - taken orally and absorbed into the body through intestines - most of the mescaline is not metabolized, comes out exactly the same as how it entered

for what uses were ketamine, MDMA, and PCP originally developed?

ketamine: made as an anesthetic in the 60s, used in Vietnam war for field surgeries, used in veterinary medicine today MDMA: meant to be used in therapy to promote empathy and lower defensiveness PCP: meant to be used as an anesthesia + analgesic for surgery, failed because patients had severe adverse reactions upon waking up (nightmares)

how is PCP very different from other drugs discusssed?

no medical value, does not block pain, but rather dissociates you from it (perceived as not real despite being felt) - blocks glutamate NMDA receptors, antagonist for these receptors learning memory - initially schedule 3 --> now schedule 2 - accidental consume, laced in "killer joints" -very rare dependence, "one and done" due to its extreme intensity and disorienting effects - causes mania, depression, mood swings, disorientation/confusion, paranoia, aggression, hallucinations, doll eye appearance