EXAM 3 Flashcards
(36 cards)
types of cocaine + their administrations
snorting: insufficient absorption, vasoconstrictor, only get 20% of cocaine, 30-60 mins to peak, 10-15 mins to feel effects, longer effects (6 hrs)
smoking: mostly crack through pipes, very rapid absorption into lungs, peaks in 5 minutes, drops quickly (30-60 mins), stronger withdrawal bc of quickness
injection: direct introduction to bloodstream, bypasses absorption, 30-60 seconds to feel, lasts for 30 mins
is cocaine natural?
yes, comes from coca plant/leaves
contains erythroxylon coca
crack cocaine vs freebase cocaine
freebase: complicated, high concentration, can be smoked (stable in heat), strips salt from molecule leaving just “base”
crack cocaine: easier, baking soda (safer, extracts salt), cracking sound when smoked –> “crack” cocaine
historical cocaine use
1860s: medical uses, numbing agent, from leaves, weight control, toothache drops, wine +coca cola
1884: Freud, depression, addicting
1800s-early 1900s: lots of imports
1914: Harrison narcotic Act restricted access
1980s: blew up again due to crack cocaine
metabolization of cocaine
mostly broken down in liver, also in bloodstream (6 hrs)
benzoylecgonine (inactive), drug test (2-3 days single user, 2 weeks chronic user, 90 day hair)
cocaethylene –> cocaine and alcohol, worse for body, higher rates of cocaine dependency
neurotransmitters and cocaine
psychostimulant- easily addictive
agonist for dopamine (reinforced reward- feels good do it again), norepinephrine (feel awake/excited), serotonin (regulates feelings of happiness and anxiety)
3 primary actions of cocaine
vasoconstriction: blood vessels constricting–> increase in blood pressure, risk of heart attack and strokes
stimulates central nervous system: increases levels of dopamine, fight/flight response (blood to muscles)
anesthetic: numbing effect on surface tissues (gums), blocks nerve impulses
speedball
cocaine (stimulant) + heroine (sedative)
injected into veins, very deadly
cocaine dependence + withdrawal
Ritalin- anti-withdrawal agent (chemically does the same things as cocaine)
anti-craving: Zofran (anti-nausea, affects serotonin)
cocaine crash + mood
on cocaine mood improves, once stopped they feel sad/depressed again, so tend to use more to get rid of those feelings
once stop, sad feelings worsen (the crash)= promotes future use
how was amphetamine discovered/made?
human made (not natural), meant the mimic naturally occurring ephedrine in Ma Huang
forms of amphetamines
pill versions: used to treat ADHD (dextroamphetamine- high potential for abuse; levoamphetamine- weaker/less potential for abuse)
methamphetamine hydrochloride (pill or powder), easier to get into blood-brain barrier–> methyl group faster than amphetamine
crystal meth: drug abuse only, salt version to snort and smokable version (also injected)
amphetamine vs methamphetamine + BBB
methyl group helps get it across blood brain barrier faster than amphetamine (structural difference)
amphetamine routes of administration
oral: slower onset of effects (15-30 mins), longer duration (4-6 hours)
snorting: quicker onset of effects, damaging to nasal passages
smoking: delivers rapidly to brain (lungs), quick/intense high –> high potential for addiction
injection: intense effects, quick rush but wears off quickly –> people take more of it
metabolization of amphetamines
largely not affected by metabolism, 70% of amphetamine will be excreted as amphetamine
urine analysis: 48 hrs (up to 4 days), hair 90 days, false positive (afrin, aspirin, adderall, etc)
neurotransmitters and amphetamines
agonist drug: dopamine and norepinephrine, stimulates release (leaky vesicles) + slows reuptake
more of these in the synapse
amphetamine + sympathetic nervous system
fight or flight, respiratory, heart rate, hyperthermia, elevated blood pressure, blush, pupil dilation, awake/alert, etc
amphetamine psychosis
high doses, long-time use
50% of dopamine/serotonin levels, cell loss, 5% volume loss of brain
paranoia, delusion, hallucination, violent behavior, mood-swings, stereotypical behavior
ADHD drugs
ritalin: stimulant, blocks reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine, slightly increases release (not an amphetamine, mimics), shorter lasting
adderall: combo of amphetamine and dextroamphetamine
concerta: like Ritalin, lasts longer, only take 1 pill (released over 10 hr period)
Focalin: stronger, smaller dose compared to Ritalin
Dexdredine: similar to adderall
Vyvanse: long lasting effects, reduced drug abuse
strattera: non-stimulant
side effects of ADHD drugs
those without adhd have normal levels of adhd, so use of adhd medication causes overstimulation + impaired performance (yerkes-dodson law)
amount of caffeine
OTC, NoDoz, Vivarin: highest concentration
caffeine is the only over the counter medication left
theophylline and theobromine
xanthines family of chemicals, stimulants
theophylline (teas)
theobromine (chocolates)
receptors and caffeine
adenosine receptors, blocks
physiological effects of caffeine
activates sympathetic nervous system (epinephrine), dilates coronary arteries (increases bloodflow to heart), increases blood pressure, shallow breathing, diuresis (water loss via urine), constricts cerebral blood vessels
dont drink caffeine when dehydrated
