Exam 5 Flashcards by AE G

List three laboratory analytes that can be used to assess water balance

RBC
plasma proteins
creatinine

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what % dehydration with no clinical signs

1-4%

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what % dehydration with tacky, sticky mucous membranes

5-6%

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what % dehydration with dry mm, dough elastic skin, and slow return skin test

6-8%

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what % dehydration with loss of skin tugor, slow return (obvious skin tent test), enophthalmos, slow CRT > 2sec

8-10%

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what % dehydration with severe loss of skin turgor without complete return, cold extremities, CRT > 3 sec

10-12%

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what % dehydration with renal failure, death

13-15%

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most common type of dehydration

why?

hypotonic

GI abnormalities - vomit, diarrhea
also furosemide, horse sweat, renal failure with osmotic diuresis and third space abnormalities

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causes of hypertonic dehydration

hypotonic loss (excess water) - free water loss, DI, dogs panting, heat stroke

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causes of hyponatremia

secretory diarrhea
hypertonic sweat (horse)
renal tubular disease
secondary to DM
mannitol

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causes of hypernatremia

excess Na retention
hypertonic dehydration
NaCl toxicity (excess Na intake + lack of water)

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causes of hypokalemia

primarily - vomit & diarrhea
horse sweat
renal loss (loop diuretics or cats w CKD)
anorexia
decreased intake
large animals chewing
alkalosis
insulin
excitement

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causes of hyperkalemia

metabolic acidosis
insulin def
hemolysis (esp horses)
thrombocytosis
oliguric renal failure
uroabdomen, obstruction
hypoadrenocorticism

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formula for corrected Cl

measured Cl x normal Na
measured Na

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causes of true hypochloremia

high gastric vomiting
loop, thiazide diuretics
chronic resp acidosis

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components of secretional acidosis

decreased bicarb
increased Cl
normal anion gap

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causes of true hyperchloremia

renal tubular acidosis
chronic resp alkalosis
hypertonic dehydration
NaCl toxicity

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anion gap formula

AG = (Na + K) - (Cl + bicarb)

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causes of increased anion gap “titrational acidosis”

ketons
lactic acid
uremic acids
ethylene glycol metabolites

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2 broad mechanisms of respiratory alkalosis

hypoxemia from hyperventilation
stim of resp center - CNS disease, gram - sepsis, fever, pain, excitement

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2 broad mechanisms of respiratory acidosis

hypoventilation due to airway obstruction, resp center depression, pulmonary disease, restrictive disease

effect of PTH on Ca & P

increased Ca
decreased P

effect of vitamin D on Ca & P

increased Ca & P

majority of serum Ca is in what form?

50% ionized form
40% bound to albumin

what is the most common cause of decreased total calcium

hypoalbuminemia

differentials for hypocalcemia

hypoalbuminemia renal failure pancreatitis eclampsia/periparturient hypocalcemia "cattle milk fever"

what Ca x P solubility product constant is a predisposition for mineralization

> 60-70

transiet hypercalcemia causes

post-prandial dehydration lipemia young, growing dogs hypoadrenocorticism

pathological hypercalcemia causes

hypercalcemia of malignancy primary hyperparathyroidism idiopathic hypercalcemia in cats renal disease (horses) vitamin D toxicosis

most common cause of hyperphosphatemia

decreased GFR due to renal azotemia others: vitamin D intoxication excess P intake primary hypoparathyroidism

most common cause of hypermagnesemia in animals

decreased GFR/renal excretion

indications for transfusion

severe anemia defect of hemostasis/bleeding disorder acute blood loss hypoproteinemia severe thrombocytopemia

components of WHOLE BLOOD

RBC, platelets, leukocytes, plasma proteins

components of packed RBC

rbc only, replace O2 carrying capacity

components of frozen plasma

no clotting factor

components of fresh frozen plasma

clotting factors

components of cryoprecipitates

VMF fibrinogen factor VIII & XIII

what would you use to transfuse severe anemia

packed RBC

what would you use to transfuse defect in hemostasis/bleeding disorder

whole blood fresh plasma fresh frozen plasma cryoprecipitates

what would you use to transfuse acute blood loss

whole blood packed RBC crystalloids

what would you use to transfuse hypoproteinemia

fresh plasma fresh frozen plasma

what would you use to transfuse severe thrombocytopenia

platelet rich plasma

acute transfusion reactions

hemolysis, fever, allergic reaction

delayed transfusion reactions

hemolysis - jaundice, fever, + coomb's test

examples of non-immunologic transfusion reaction

circulatory overload in heart failure patients citrate toxicity ammonia toxicity infectious agents

components of a major crossmatch

recipient serum donor RBC

important dog blood types

DEA 1.1

universal donor for dogs

DEA 1.1, 1.2, 3, 5 (-)

universal donor for cat

there is none

blood types in cats

type A, B and AB

equine neonatal isoerythrolysis

arabians & thoroughbreds Aa antigen in A Qa antigen in Q maternal Ab attacks the pateral Ag on foal RBC SECOND PREGNANCY!!

kitten neonatal isoerythrolysis

type B (strong anti-A Ab) queen with type A or AB kittens any pregnancy