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Clinical Pathology > Exam 5 > Flashcards

Exam 5 Flashcards

1
Q

List three laboratory analytes that can be used to assess water balance

A

RBC
plasma proteins
creatinine

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2
Q

what % dehydration with no clinical signs

A

1-4%

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3
Q

what % dehydration with tacky, sticky mucous membranes

A

5-6%

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4
Q

what % dehydration with dry mm, dough elastic skin, and slow return skin test

A

6-8%

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5
Q

what % dehydration with loss of skin tugor, slow return (obvious skin tent test), enophthalmos, slow CRT > 2sec

A

8-10%

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6
Q

what % dehydration with severe loss of skin turgor without complete return, cold extremities, CRT > 3 sec

A

10-12%

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7
Q

what % dehydration with renal failure, death

A

13-15%

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8
Q

most common type of dehydration

why?

A

hypotonic

GI abnormalities - vomit, diarrhea
also furosemide, horse sweat, renal failure with osmotic diuresis and third space abnormalities

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9
Q

causes of hypertonic dehydration

A

hypotonic loss (excess water) - free water loss, DI, dogs panting, heat stroke

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10
Q

causes of hyponatremia

A

secretory diarrhea
hypertonic sweat (horse)
renal tubular disease
secondary to DM
mannitol

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11
Q

causes of hypernatremia

A

excess Na retention
hypertonic dehydration
NaCl toxicity (excess Na intake + lack of water)

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12
Q

causes of hypokalemia

A

primarily - vomit & diarrhea
horse sweat
renal loss (loop diuretics or cats w CKD)
anorexia
decreased intake
large animals chewing
alkalosis
insulin
excitement

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13
Q

causes of hyperkalemia

A

metabolic acidosis
insulin def
hemolysis (esp horses)
thrombocytosis
oliguric renal failure
uroabdomen, obstruction
hypoadrenocorticism

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14
Q

formula for corrected Cl

A

measured Cl x normal Na
measured Na

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15
Q

causes of true hypochloremia

A

high gastric vomiting
loop, thiazide diuretics
chronic resp acidosis

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16
Q

components of secretional acidosis

A

decreased bicarb
increased Cl
normal anion gap

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17
Q

causes of true hyperchloremia

A

renal tubular acidosis
chronic resp alkalosis
hypertonic dehydration
NaCl toxicity

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18
Q

anion gap formula

A

AG = (Na + K) - (Cl + bicarb)

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19
Q

causes of increased anion gap “titrational acidosis”

A

ketons
lactic acid
uremic acids
ethylene glycol metabolites

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20
Q

2 broad mechanisms of respiratory alkalosis

A
  1. hypoxemia from hyperventilation
  2. stim of resp center - CNS disease, gram - sepsis, fever, pain, excitement
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21
Q

2 broad mechanisms of respiratory acidosis

A

hypoventilation due to airway obstruction, resp center depression, pulmonary disease, restrictive disease

22
Q

effect of PTH on Ca & P

A

increased Ca
decreased P

23
Q

effect of vitamin D on Ca & P

A

increased Ca & P

24
Q

majority of serum Ca is in what form?

A

50% ionized form
40% bound to albumin

25
Q

what is the most common cause of decreased total calcium

A

hypoalbuminemia

26
Q

differentials for hypocalcemia

A

hypoalbuminemia
renal failure
pancreatitis
eclampsia/periparturient hypocalcemia “cattle milk fever”

27
Q

what Ca x P solubility product constant is a predisposition for mineralization

A

> 60-70

28
Q

transiet hypercalcemia causes

A

post-prandial
dehydration
lipemia
young, growing dogs
hypoadrenocorticism

29
Q

pathological hypercalcemia causes

A

hypercalcemia of malignancy
primary hyperparathyroidism
idiopathic hypercalcemia in cats
renal disease (horses)
vitamin D toxicosis

30
Q

most common cause of hyperphosphatemia

A

decreased GFR due to renal azotemia

others:
vitamin D intoxication
excess P intake
primary hypoparathyroidism

31
Q

most common cause of hypermagnesemia in animals

A

decreased GFR/renal excretion

32
Q

indications for transfusion

A

severe anemia
defect of hemostasis/bleeding disorder
acute blood loss
hypoproteinemia
severe thrombocytopemia

33
Q

components of WHOLE BLOOD

A

RBC, platelets, leukocytes, plasma proteins

34
Q

components of packed RBC

A

rbc only, replace O2 carrying capacity

35
Q

components of frozen plasma

A

no clotting factor

36
Q

components of fresh frozen plasma

A

clotting factors

37
Q

components of cryoprecipitates

A

VMF
fibrinogen
factor VIII & XIII

38
Q

what would you use to transfuse severe anemia

A

packed RBC

39
Q

what would you use to transfuse defect in hemostasis/bleeding disorder

A

whole blood
fresh plasma
fresh frozen plasma
cryoprecipitates

40
Q

what would you use to transfuse acute blood loss

A

whole blood
packed RBC
crystalloids

41
Q

what would you use to transfuse hypoproteinemia

A

fresh plasma
fresh frozen plasma

42
Q

what would you use to transfuse severe thrombocytopenia

A

platelet rich plasma

42
Q

acute transfusion reactions

A

hemolysis, fever, allergic reaction

43
Q

delayed transfusion reactions

A

hemolysis - jaundice, fever, + coomb’s test

44
Q

examples of non-immunologic transfusion reaction

A

circulatory overload in heart failure patients
citrate toxicity
ammonia toxicity
infectious agents

45
Q

components of a major crossmatch

A

recipient serum
donor RBC

46
Q

important dog blood types

A

DEA 1.1

47
Q

universal donor for dogs

A

DEA 1.1, 1.2, 3, 5 (-)

48
Q

universal donor for cat

A

there is none

49
Q

blood types in cats

A

type A, B and AB

50
Q

equine neonatal isoerythrolysis

A

arabians & thoroughbreds
Aa antigen in A
Qa antigen in Q
maternal Ab attacks the pateral Ag on foal RBC
SECOND PREGNANCY!!

51
Q

kitten neonatal isoerythrolysis

A

type B (strong anti-A Ab) queen with type A or AB kittens
any pregnancy

Clinical Pathology (7 decks)

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