Exam 1 Flashcards
Purple Top Tubes (PTT)
- components:
- function:
- diagnostics used for:
- anticoagulant K2 or K3 & EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacectic acid)
- strongly chelates Ca2+ to prevent clotting
- CBC, cavity fluid analysis, blood typing
Glass Red Top Tube (RTT)
- components:
- function:
- diagnostics used for:
- no anticoagulant, glass allows clotting
- used for clotting, collect serum
- biochemical profiles/serum diagnostic profiles, fluid culture, crossmatch
what occurs due to delayed removal of serum?
A. artifactual hypoglycemia because RBC consume glucose
B. artifactual hyperkalemia because cellular elements leak cytoplasmic contents (best ex is horse due to RBC high in K)
Plastic Red Top Black Ring Tubes
- components:
- function:
- diagnostics used for:
- no anticoagulant, requires clot activator (glass or silica particles)
- clotting, serum collection
- biochem profiles/serum diagnostics, NOT fluid analysis
Red & Grey Tube (SST) “tiger tops”
- components:
- function:
- diagnostics used for:
- no anticoagulant , additive is the clot activator, gel separates serum
- clotting
- biochem/serum diagnostics
Blue Top Tubes (BTT)
- components:
- function:
- diagnostics used for:
- anticoagulant sodium citrate
- weakly chelates Ca2+, allows for harvesting plasma
- PT, aPTT (coagulation assays) & platelet counts
ratio recommended for BTT
what does underfilling cause?
what does overfilling cause?
9:1 blood:citrate
underfilling = falsely prolongs clotting times
overfilling = shortens clotting times
Green Top Tube (GTT)
- components:
- function:
- diagnostics used for:
- anticoagulant heparin
- no clotting, for LA, birds, reptiles because take longer or don’t clot well in RTT; harvest plasma
- POC biochem panels, lead or ammonia testing
Gray Tube
- components:
- function:
- diagnostics used for:
- anticoagulant sodium flouride +/- oxalate & EDTA
- no clotting
- delayed glucose testing
small animal tubes & primary veins for blood draws
2-5ml tubes
jugular v. & cephalic v.
large animal tubes & primary veins for blood draws
5-7ml
jugular v. & tail v.
hemolysis affect on…
RBC #
HCT (hematocrit)
Hemoglobin
Color
RBC contents
RBC # DECREASED
HCT (hematocrit) DECREASED
Hemoglobin NO CHANGE
Color REDISH
RBC contents RELEASED
define pre-analytical
provide examples
anything before the sample is sent to the lab
related to the patient, sample collection, sample handling & transport
most lab errors are _______
pre-analytical
EDTA contamination results in …
- blood in RTT may not clot due to anticoagulant contamination
- low Ca, Mg and Fe
- high K
blood collected inappropriately from indwelling catheters would result in…
- false increase/decrease of glucose, electrolytes or Ca2+ from fluid contents
- fluids could dilute other results
- heparin flush prolongs aPTT
how can you minimize effects of fluids on blood collection
collect prior to fluids
opposite limb
turning off IV drip for 3-5 min
removing 3-5ml blood before
if blood is not separated soon enough for diagnostic profiles in horses, what will happen?
artifactual hyperkalemia
PCV definition & components
Packed Cell Volume - % whole blood composed of erythrocytes
buffy coat components
leukocytes, platelets, nRBC (if present)
yellow plasma indicates
icterus, jaundice, increased bilirubin
not reliable in LA, esp horses due to diet-related
hazy-opaque white plasma indicates
lipemia, increased lipids (predominantly chylomicrons)
associated with post-prandial (eating) blood collection & disease associated with abnormal lipid metabolism
red plasma indicates
hemolysis - free Hb from ruptured RBC
HCT definition
hematocrit - ratio of volume of RBC:volume of blood
PCV and plasma protein during dehydration
PCV increased
PP increased
PCV and plasma protein during blood loss
PCV decreased
PP decreased
most important layer to examine in a blood smear
monolayer
what can you find in the body of a blood smear
microfilaria, platelet clumps
what can you find in the feathered edge of a blood smear
platelet clumps, critters, cancer
components of blood
55% _____
45% _____
55% plasma
45% RBC, WBC, platelets
how much blood can be drawn from an animal without complication?
20% of total blood volume can be lost (safe side take 10%)
1% of body weight (in grams)
list if the following cause an increase or decrease in HCT, Hb, RBC
anemia
overhydration
poylcythemia
dehydration
splenic contraction
anemia DECREASED
overhydration DECREASED
poylcythemia INCREASED
dehydration INCREASED
splenic contraction INCREASED
MCV increases or decreases…
Fe deficiency
Hereditary stomatocytosis
heinz body anemia
hyponatremia
reticulocytosis
FELV
fragmentation anemia
porotsystemic venous shunt
congential macrocytosis of poodles
inherited malabsorption of cobalamin in giant schnauzers
normal greyhound RBC
asian dog breeds
Leukemia
agglutination
Fe deficiency DECREASE TOP DIFFERENTIAL
Hereditary stomatocytosis INCREASE
heinz body anemia DECREASE
hyponatremia DECREASE
reticulocytosis INCREASE
FeLV INCREASE
fragmentation anemia DECREASE
portosystemic venous shunt DECREASE
congential macrocytosis of poodles INCREASE
inherited malabsorption of cobalamin in giant schnauzers INCREASE
normal greyhound RBC INCREASE
asian dog breeds DECREASE
Leukemia INCREASE
agglutination INCREASE
causes of low MCHC “hypochromasia”
reticulocytosis
Fe deficiency
lead toxicity
causes of high MCHC “increase extracellular Hb”
hemolysis
oxyglobin administration
what does reticulocytosis, microcytosis and macrocytosis due to RDW
increases RDW
growth factor for erythropoiesis and where it comes from
erythropoietin
- kidney, liver, macrophages
what species are reticulocytes not found in
ruminants & horses
difference between aggregate and punctate reticulocytes
aggregate: large amounts mRNA, ribosomes, mitochondria
punctate: not counted as part of regenerative response, little mRNA, seen in cats
stacking of RBC, common in cats/horses, disperse with saline, caused by increased protein
rouleaux
clumps of RBC that do not disperse in saline, indicates immune-mediated diseases
agglutination
anisocytosis
RBC that differ in size
indicates severe anemia
polychromasia
more reticulocytes than normal
basophilic stippling
reticulocytes that look like speckled eggs
normal in anemic ruminants
lead toxicity
RBC with blue/black aggregates due to excess Fe deposits
“siderocytes”
lead poisoning, hemolytic anemia, dyserythropoiesis, myeloproliferative disease, drugs
nRBC’s associated with…
lead toxicity, Fe deficiency, Cu deficiency, hemangiosarcoma, EMH, myelophthitis, IVD, hereditary macrocytosis of poodles, enndotoxemia, BM trauma/necrosis, mets to BM, myelofibrosis, FeLV, myelodysplastic syndrome
howell-jolly bodies
splenectomy, drugs, regenerative response
heinz bodies
Hb oxidative damage, 5% normal in cats
onions, kale in ruminants, winter rye in cattle, red maple leaves in horses, Cu toxicity in sheep/goats, Zn in dogs, acetaminophen in cats, diabetes meelitus, lymphoma and hyperthyroidism in cats
difference in shape of cells
poikilocytosis
discocyte
biconcave disc
burr cell, mainly drying artifact
normal in pigs
echinocyte
tear-drop shaped, normal in goats
dacrocytes
elliptocytes
normal in camelids
Fe deficiency
depranocyte
sickle cells
common in deer
irregular spicules due to altered lipid:cholesterol often due to hepatic or splenic diseases or hemangiosarcomas
acanthocytes
RBC torn apart by fibrin into pieces
DIC, hemangiosarcomas, vasculitis, heart disease
schistocytes
eccentrocytes
Hb located to side of cell, oxidative damage
keratocytes
helmet cells, oxidative damage, Fe deficiency or hepatopathy
large central pallor, Hb outer edges
hepatopathy or Fe deficiency or portosystemic shunt
leptocytes
codocytes
target cells - hepatopathy, Fe deficiency
stomatocytes
oval with large central pallor
hepatopathy and Fe deficiency
round, small, dense formed by phagocytosis of damaged portions of cell membranes seen in dogs/rats; associated with IMHA
spherocytes
toxic changes of neutrophils:
Dohle bodies
vacuolization/foamy
increased basophilia
due to accelerated production/increased demand or inflammation
neutrophil degeneration consists of…
nuclear swelling
loss of segmentation
loss of coarse nuclear chromatin pattern
due to bacterial infections, neutrophils breakdown/die after job complete
hypersegmentation of neutrophils
aging, corticosteroids or heat
what is the Pelger-Huet Anomaly?
inherited neutrophil nuclear abnormality
mature chromatin in shape of immature band neutrophil
indicative of overwhelming infection
two inherited neutrophil abnormalities
pelger-huet (nuclear)
lysosomal storage disorders (cytoplasmic)
changes associated with lymphocytes and their significance
- cytoplasmic vacuoles - aging, some lysosomal storage disorders (congenital), ingestion of Locoweed containing swainsonine (acquired)
- reactive lymphocytes - immune/inflammation
leukemia can be ___ or ____ disorders
differentiate acute & chronic
lymphoproliferative or myeloproliferative
acute: immature, aggressive, lymphoid or myeolid
chronic: differentiated cells, less aggressive, lymphoid more common
what is the most sensitive indicator of stress in a stress leukogram
decreased lymphocytes
an ill animal lacking a stress response could be a result of what diseases
hypoadrenocorticism
thymoma
lymphoma/leukemia
____ due to mast cell tumors or some T cell lymphomas
eosinophilia
____ due to pulmonary, renal, mammary carcinomas that release GM-CSF
neutrophilia
____ due to thymoma
lymphocytosis
what does increased MPV or increased giant platelets suggest
increased thrombopoiesis
3 main mechanisms responsible for thrombocytopenia
- destruction (immune-mediate e.g. AIHA/IMHA)
- consumption (excess demand/activation, hemostatic plug)
- decreased production (estrogen, drugs, tumors w/in BM)
thrombocytopenia due to depletion can be caused by….
- immune-mediated/primary/autoimmune usually severe thrombocytopenia 10-20,000 “Evan’s Syndrome”
- secondary to drugs
- secondary to infection
thrombocytopenia due to consumption can be caused by…
DIC
vasculitis/endocarditis
hemangiosarcoma
thrombocytopenia due to decreased production can be caused by…
chemotherapy drugs
estrogen toxicity
Ehrlichia
bone marrow effacement/infiltrative disease
thrombocytosis can be caused by…
reactive lymphocytosis secondary to inflam
Fe deficiency
hepatocellular carcinomas in dogs
corticosteroids
vincristine
excess EDTA results in
RBC shrink
diluted sample
decreased PCV
best size needle for small animals
20-22g
best size needle for large animals
18g
