Exam 1 Flashcards by AE G

Purple Top Tubes (PTT)
- components:
- function:
- diagnostics used for:

anticoagulant K2 or K3 & EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacectic acid)
strongly chelates Ca2+ to prevent clotting
CBC, cavity fluid analysis, blood typing

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Glass Red Top Tube (RTT)
- components:
- function:
- diagnostics used for:

no anticoagulant, glass allows clotting
used for clotting, collect serum
biochemical profiles/serum diagnostic profiles, fluid culture, crossmatch

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what occurs due to delayed removal of serum?

A. artifactual hypoglycemia because RBC consume glucose
B. artifactual hyperkalemia because cellular elements leak cytoplasmic contents (best ex is horse due to RBC high in K)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Plastic Red Top Black Ring Tubes
- components:
- function:
- diagnostics used for:

no anticoagulant, requires clot activator (glass or silica particles)
clotting, serum collection
biochem profiles/serum diagnostics, NOT fluid analysis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Red & Grey Tube (SST) “tiger tops”
- components:
- function:
- diagnostics used for:

no anticoagulant , additive is the clot activator, gel separates serum
clotting
biochem/serum diagnostics

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Blue Top Tubes (BTT)
- components:
- function:
- diagnostics used for:

anticoagulant sodium citrate
weakly chelates Ca2+, allows for harvesting plasma
PT, aPTT (coagulation assays) & platelet counts

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

ratio recommended for BTT
what does underfilling cause?
what does overfilling cause?

9:1 blood:citrate
underfilling = falsely prolongs clotting times
overfilling = shortens clotting times

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Green Top Tube (GTT)
- components:
- function:
- diagnostics used for:

anticoagulant heparin
no clotting, for LA, birds, reptiles because take longer or don’t clot well in RTT; harvest plasma
POC biochem panels, lead or ammonia testing

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Gray Tube
- components:
- function:
- diagnostics used for:

anticoagulant sodium flouride +/- oxalate & EDTA
no clotting
delayed glucose testing

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

small animal tubes & primary veins for blood draws

2-5ml tubes
jugular v. & cephalic v.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

large animal tubes & primary veins for blood draws

5-7ml
jugular v. & tail v.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

hemolysis affect on…
RBC #
HCT (hematocrit)
Hemoglobin
Color
RBC contents

RBC # DECREASED
HCT (hematocrit) DECREASED
Hemoglobin NO CHANGE
Color REDISH
RBC contents RELEASED

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

define pre-analytical
provide examples

anything before the sample is sent to the lab
related to the patient, sample collection, sample handling & transport

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

most lab errors are _______

pre-analytical

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

EDTA contamination results in …

blood in RTT may not clot due to anticoagulant contamination
low Ca, Mg and Fe
high K

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

blood collected inappropriately from indwelling catheters would result in…

false increase/decrease of glucose, electrolytes or Ca2+ from fluid contents
fluids could dilute other results
heparin flush prolongs aPTT

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

how can you minimize effects of fluids on blood collection

collect prior to fluids
opposite limb
turning off IV drip for 3-5 min
removing 3-5ml blood before

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

if blood is not separated soon enough for diagnostic profiles in horses, what will happen?

artifactual hyperkalemia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

PCV definition & components

Packed Cell Volume - % whole blood composed of erythrocytes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

buffy coat components

leukocytes, platelets, nRBC (if present)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

yellow plasma indicates

icterus, jaundice, increased bilirubin
not reliable in LA, esp horses due to diet-related

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

hazy-opaque white plasma indicates

lipemia, increased lipids (predominantly chylomicrons)
associated with post-prandial (eating) blood collection & disease associated with abnormal lipid metabolism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

red plasma indicates

hemolysis - free Hb from ruptured RBC

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

HCT definition

hematocrit - ratio of volume of RBC:volume of blood

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

PCV and plasma protein during dehydration

PCV increased PP increased

PCV and plasma protein during blood loss

PCV decreased PP decreased

most important layer to examine in a blood smear

monolayer

what can you find in the body of a blood smear

microfilaria, platelet clumps

what can you find in the feathered edge of a blood smear

platelet clumps, critters, cancer

components of blood 55% _____ 45% _____

55% plasma 45% RBC, WBC, platelets

how much blood can be drawn from an animal without complication?

20% of total blood volume can be lost (safe side take 10%) 1% of body weight (in grams)

list if the following cause an increase or decrease in HCT, Hb, RBC anemia overhydration poylcythemia dehydration splenic contraction

anemia DECREASED overhydration DECREASED poylcythemia INCREASED dehydration INCREASED splenic contraction INCREASED

MCV increases or decreases... Fe deficiency Hereditary stomatocytosis heinz body anemia hyponatremia reticulocytosis FELV fragmentation anemia porotsystemic venous shunt congential macrocytosis of poodles inherited malabsorption of cobalamin in giant schnauzers normal greyhound RBC asian dog breeds Leukemia agglutination

Fe deficiency DECREASE *TOP DIFFERENTIAL* Hereditary stomatocytosis INCREASE heinz body anemia DECREASE hyponatremia DECREASE reticulocytosis INCREASE FeLV INCREASE fragmentation anemia DECREASE portosystemic venous shunt DECREASE congential macrocytosis of poodles INCREASE inherited malabsorption of cobalamin in giant schnauzers INCREASE normal greyhound RBC INCREASE asian dog breeds DECREASE Leukemia INCREASE agglutination INCREASE

causes of low MCHC "hypochromasia"

reticulocytosis Fe deficiency lead toxicity

causes of high MCHC "increase extracellular Hb"

hemolysis oxyglobin administration

what does reticulocytosis, microcytosis and macrocytosis due to RDW

increases RDW

growth factor for erythropoiesis and where it comes from

erythropoietin - kidney, liver, macrophages

what species are reticulocytes not found in

ruminants & horses

difference between aggregate and punctate reticulocytes

aggregate: large amounts mRNA, ribosomes, mitochondria punctate: not counted as part of regenerative response, little mRNA, seen in cats

stacking of RBC, common in cats/horses, disperse with saline, caused by increased protein

rouleaux

clumps of RBC that do not disperse in saline, indicates immune-mediated diseases

agglutination

anisocytosis

RBC that differ in size indicates severe anemia

polychromasia

more reticulocytes than normal

basophilic stippling

reticulocytes that look like speckled eggs normal in anemic ruminants lead toxicity

RBC with blue/black aggregates due to excess Fe deposits

"siderocytes" lead poisoning, hemolytic anemia, dyserythropoiesis, myeloproliferative disease, drugs

nRBC's associated with...

lead toxicity, Fe deficiency, Cu deficiency, hemangiosarcoma, EMH, myelophthitis, IVD, hereditary macrocytosis of poodles, enndotoxemia, BM trauma/necrosis, mets to BM, myelofibrosis, FeLV, myelodysplastic syndrome

howell-jolly bodies

splenectomy, drugs, regenerative response

heinz bodies

Hb oxidative damage, 5% normal in cats onions, kale in ruminants, winter rye in cattle, red maple leaves in horses, Cu toxicity in sheep/goats, Zn in dogs, acetaminophen in cats, diabetes meelitus, lymphoma and hyperthyroidism in cats

difference in shape of cells

poikilocytosis

discocyte

biconcave disc

burr cell, mainly drying artifact normal in pigs

echinocyte

tear-drop shaped, normal in goats

dacrocytes

elliptocytes

normal in camelids Fe deficiency

depranocyte

sickle cells common in deer

irregular spicules due to altered lipid:cholesterol often due to hepatic or splenic diseases or hemangiosarcomas

acanthocytes

RBC torn apart by fibrin into pieces DIC, hemangiosarcomas, vasculitis, heart disease

schistocytes

eccentrocytes

Hb located to side of cell, oxidative damage

keratocytes

helmet cells, oxidative damage, Fe deficiency or hepatopathy

large central pallor, Hb outer edges hepatopathy or Fe deficiency or portosystemic shunt

leptocytes

codocytes

target cells - hepatopathy, Fe deficiency

stomatocytes

oval with large central pallor hepatopathy and Fe deficiency

round, small, dense formed by phagocytosis of damaged portions of cell membranes seen in dogs/rats; associated with IMHA

spherocytes

toxic changes of neutrophils:

Dohle bodies vacuolization/foamy increased basophilia due to accelerated production/increased demand or inflammation

neutrophil degeneration consists of...

nuclear swelling loss of segmentation loss of coarse nuclear chromatin pattern due to bacterial infections, neutrophils breakdown/die after job complete

hypersegmentation of neutrophils

aging, corticosteroids or heat

what is the Pelger-Huet Anomaly?

inherited neutrophil nuclear abnormality mature chromatin in shape of immature band neutrophil indicative of overwhelming infection

two inherited neutrophil abnormalities

pelger-huet (nuclear) lysosomal storage disorders (cytoplasmic)

changes associated with lymphocytes and their significance

1. cytoplasmic vacuoles - aging, some lysosomal storage disorders (congenital), ingestion of Locoweed containing swainsonine (acquired) 2. reactive lymphocytes - immune/inflammation

leukemia can be ___ or ____ disorders differentiate acute & chronic

lymphoproliferative or myeloproliferative acute: immature, aggressive, lymphoid or myeolid chronic: differentiated cells, less aggressive, lymphoid more common

what is the most sensitive indicator of stress in a stress leukogram

decreased lymphocytes

an ill animal lacking a stress response could be a result of what diseases

hypoadrenocorticism thymoma lymphoma/leukemia

____ due to mast cell tumors or some T cell lymphomas

eosinophilia

____ due to pulmonary, renal, mammary carcinomas that release GM-CSF

neutrophilia

____ due to thymoma

lymphocytosis

what does increased MPV or increased giant platelets suggest

increased thrombopoiesis

3 main mechanisms responsible for thrombocytopenia

1. destruction (immune-mediate e.g. AIHA/IMHA) 2. consumption (excess demand/activation, hemostatic plug) 3. decreased production (estrogen, drugs, tumors w/in BM)

thrombocytopenia due to depletion can be caused by....

1. immune-mediated/primary/autoimmune usually severe thrombocytopenia 10-20,000 "Evan's Syndrome" 2. secondary to drugs 3. secondary to infection

thrombocytopenia due to consumption can be caused by...

DIC vasculitis/endocarditis hemangiosarcoma

thrombocytopenia due to decreased production can be caused by...

chemotherapy drugs estrogen toxicity Ehrlichia bone marrow effacement/infiltrative disease

thrombocytosis can be caused by...

reactive lymphocytosis secondary to inflam Fe deficiency hepatocellular carcinomas in dogs corticosteroids vincristine

excess EDTA results in

RBC shrink diluted sample decreased PCV

best size needle for small animals

20-22g

best size needle for large animals

18g