Differentials

Question 1

normocytic normochromic anemia
functional bone marrow

Answer 1

chronic renal disease
hepatic disease
anemia of chronic disease
pure red cell aplasia
endocrinopathies

Question 2

normocytic normochromic anemia
non-functional bone marrow

Answer 2

myelophthisis
aplastic anemia/pancytopenia (drugs, toxins, infection, irradiation)
infectious disease

Question 3

microcytic hypochromic anemia

Answer 3

Fe deficiency (primarily hemorrhage)
dyserythropoiesis
portosystemic shunts

Question 4

macrocytic normochromic anemia

Answer 4

horse regenerative resp
FeLV

Question 5

macrocytic hypochromic anemia

Answer 5

regenerative resp (reticulocytosis)

Question 6

hypoalbuminemia differentials

Answer 6

decreased production
- liver failure
- starvation/malabsorption
- EPI
- APP resp (-) decrease w inflam
selective loss via glomerular disease

Question 7

hyperalbuminemia differentials

Answer 7

DEHYDRATION

Question 8

panhypoproteinemia differentials

Answer 8

blood loss
PLE
exudative skin diseases/burns

Question 9

pre-renal azotemia differentials

Answer 9

increased BUN & Cr = decreased perfusion (dehydration, shock, hypovolemia)

increased BUN = high protein diet, fever, exercise, necrosis, starvation, GI bleed

Question 10

renal azotemia differentials

Answer 10

increased BUN & Cr due to renal disease

Question 11

post-renal azotemia differentials

Answer 11

obstruction
uroabdomen

Question 12

pre-glomerular proteinuria differentials

Answer 12

hyperproteinemia, fever, exercise

Question 13

glomerular proteinuria differentials

Answer 13

damage to glomerulus

Question 14

post-glomerular proteinuria differentials

Answer 14

renal tubular dysfunction
hemorrhage
inflammation

Question 15

hyperbilirubinemia differentials

Answer 15

pre-hepatic - hemolysis
hepatic - liver dysfunction
post-hepatic - obstruction/rupture, cholestasis
anorexia esp horses

Question 16

hyperlipidemia differentials

Answer 16

post-prandial
cholestasis (cholesterol only)
pancreatitis
nephrotic syndrome
hyperlipidemic syndromes (schnauzers & ponies)
endocrinopathies (DM, metabolic syndrome, hypothyroidism, Cushing’s)
extreme negative energy balance
corticosteroids

Question 17

hypocholesterolemia

Answer 17

liver failure
malabsorption/maldigestion
Addison’s

Question 18

hypocalcemia differentials

Answer 18

most common is hypoalbuminemia (decreases protein bound Ca)
renal failure
pancreatitis
eclampsia/periparturient hypocalcemia

Question 19

hypercalcemia differentials

Answer 19

most common hypercalcemia of malignancy
2 most common Addison’s disease
other - hyperparathyroidism, renal disease, vitamin D toxicosis

Question 20

hyperphosphatemia differntials

Answer 20

decreased GFR

Question 21

hypermagnesemia differentials

Answer 21

decreased GFR

Question 22

hyponatremia differentials

Answer 22

diarrhea
horse sweat
renal tubular disease
secondary to DM
third space abnormalities

Question 23

hypernatremia differentials

Answer 23

excess NaCl

Question 24

hypokalemia differentials

Answer 24

alkalosis
diarrhea, vomiting (primary)
insulin
excitement
decreased intake/anorexia
renal loss - loop diuretics or CKD cats

Question 25

hyperkalemia differentials

Answer 25

Addisons
obstruction, uroabdomen
oliguric renal failure
metabolic acidosis
hemolysis, thrombocytosis
DM (insulin def)

Question 26

hypochloremia differentials

Answer 26

high gastric vomiting
proximal duodenal obstruction

Question 27

hyperchloremia differentials

Answer 27

renal tubular acidosis
chronic resp alkalosis
excess NaCl