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Bio-169 Lecture > Exam #5 > Flashcards

Exam #5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What absorbs heat from the testes?

A

Pampiniform plexus

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2
Q

Which structure(s) make up most of the penis?

A

Corpora cavernosa

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3
Q

What structure passes through the inguinal canal?

A

The spermatic cord

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4
Q
A

Myoid cells

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5
Q

Function of pampiniform venous plexus

A

Cools arterial blood to keep testes below core temperature

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6
Q

What is cryptorchidism

A

Undescended testes

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7
Q

In response to warmth the scrotum ______

A

Increases surface area

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8
Q

What is cut during a vasectomy?

A

Ductus deferens

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9
Q

What is the fibrous capsule of the testes

A

Tunica albuginea

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10
Q

What structures are sperm factories

A

Seminiferous tubules

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11
Q

Which structure surrounds the urethra?

A

Corpus spongiosum

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12
Q
A

Myoid cells

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13
Q
A
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14
Q

What structure makes up most of the penis?

A

Corpora cavernosa

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15
Q

Function of epididymus

A

Site of sperm storage and sperm maturation

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16
Q

What stage of meiosis does crossing over occur?

A

Meiosis I

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17
Q

What structure passes through inguinal canal?

A

The spermatic cord

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18
Q

Site of sperm storage

A

Epididymus

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19
Q

Sperms acrosomes contain?

A

Enzymes

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20
Q

What occurs in telophase II

A

4 genetically unique haploids are formed

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21
Q

Main event of anaphase I (meiosis)

A

Homologous chromosomes separate from each other

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22
Q

What area of sperm contains many mitochondria?

A

Midpiece (body)

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23
Q

________produces cells that have a haploid chromosome number

A

Meiosis

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24
Q

What male accessory gland produces an alkaline fluid containing sugar?

A

Seminal gland

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25
Q

Conversion of haploid spermatids to spermatozoa is called?

A

Spermiogenesis

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26
Q

The sperm’s acrosome contains _______

A

Enzymes

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27
Q

What happens in metaphase I?

A

Homologous pairs line up along the cell’s equator

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28
Q

Event that occurs in prophase I (meiosis)

A

Chromosomes line up with their homologous pairs

Crossovers occur

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29
Q

Which make accessory glad produces thick, clear mucus that lubricates the glans penis during excitement?

A

Bulbo-urethral gland

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30
Q

What happens during interphase?

A

Duplicating of DNA

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31
Q

Stages of meiosis?

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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32
Q

What happens in telophase I?

A

There are two newly formed nuclei

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33
Q

What happens in prophase II?

A

Spindles start to form

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34
Q

What happens metaphase II?

A

Chromosomes line up in single file line

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35
Q

What happens in anaphase II?

A

Chromatids are being pulled away from each other.

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36
Q

Properties of sperm?

A

Decreases viscosity of cervical mucus

Enhances motility of

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37
Q

Function of corpora cavernosa?

A

Columns of erectile tissue spaces or caverns that get filled with blood

Contain deep arteries

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38
Q

The male urethra passes through corpus ________

A

Spongiosum

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39
Q

Function of scrotum?

A

Protects testes

Maintains temperature 2-3 degrees below body temperature

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40
Q

Function of testes?

A

Produce sperm

Produce testosterone

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41
Q

What happens to sperm inside epididymus?

A

It matures- gains motility and fertility

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42
Q

Function of vas deferens

A

Connects epididymus to Ejaculatory duct

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43
Q

Function of seminle vesicle?

A

Produces seminal fluid that mixes with sperm and forms semen

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44
Q

Why is sperm alkaline?

A

Prolongs survival of sperm in vagina which is acidic

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45
Q

Function of prostate?

A

Secretes more alkaline fluid that is 30% of total volume

Improves survival and motility of sperm

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46
Q

Function of vagina?

A

Pathway for menstrual blood and childbirth

Vaginal mucus glands provide lubrication

Receives male sex organs and sperm

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47
Q

Vagina is lined with _______epithelium

A

Non-keratinized stratified squamous

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48
Q

Function of cervix?

A

Mucus glands for lubrication

Prepares sperm for fertilization

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49
Q

Infundibulum is where on the fallopian tube?

A

Lateral end

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50
Q

What are the FIMBRAE?

A

Finger-like projections that receive the oocyte

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51
Q

Where is the AMPULLA?

A

Central dilated part of Fallopian tube

Most common site of fertilization

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52
Q

Where is the ISTHMUS?

A

Joins Fallopian tube to uterus

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53
Q

Perimetrium is which layer of uterus?

A

Outermost (visceral) layer

Made of epithelial cells

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54
Q

Myometrium os which layer of the uterus?

A

The middle
Thickest layer
Smooth muscle cells
Muscles used in contractions to get baby out

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55
Q

Endometrium is which layer of uterus?

A

Inner
Most active
Changes throughout the month
Influenced by progesterone and estrogen

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56
Q

Function of ovary

A 
Produces eggs (oocytes)
Produces estrogen and progesterone
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57
Q

Function of seminiferous tubules?

A

Main site of sperm production

Spermatogenesis

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58
Q

What are spermatids?

A

Immature sperm

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59
Q

What happens during spermatocytogenesis?

A

1 germ cell divides into 4 precursor sperm cells (spermatids)

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60
Q

What happens in spermiogenesis?

A

No cell division.

Develops into mature sperm

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61
Q

What does LH do in female reproductive system?

A

Triggers ovulation

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62
Q

What does LH do in male reproductive system?

A

Causes testicles to make testosterone

63
Q

What does FSH do in male reproductive system?

A

Stimulates spermatogenesis

64
Q

What does testosterone do in male reproductive system?

A

Stimulates development of secondary sex characteristics and spermatogenesis

65
Q

What does FSH do in female reproductive system?

A

Stimulates growth and maturation of follicles in ovary

66
Q

Function of estrogen in female reproductive system?

A

Stimulates growth of egg follicle

Stimulate pituitary gland to release hormones to assist in follicular development

67
Q

Function of progesterone in female reproductive system?

A

Prepares endometrium for potential pregnancy

Inhibits muscle contraction in uterus that would expel the egg.

68
Q

What is a primary oocyte?

A

An ovum before it goes through meiosis II

69
Q

Where are oocytes developed?

A

Ovary

70
Q

What is the follicle?

A

Where eggs hang out while they mature and spit out the egg. Finishes meiosis here.

71
Q

2 identical cells produced by 1st cleavage division of zygote - 36 hours after fertilization

A

Blastomere

72
Q

Mass of cells filled with fluid is ________

Fetal development

A

Blastocyst

73
Q

Rapid miotic division to create a blastocyst is _______

A

Cleavage

74
Q

16 cells is called a __________

A

Morula

75
Q

3 primary germ layers are the…..

A

Ectoderm- nervous system
Mesoderm- muscular
Endoderm- visceral lining

76
Q

What are the results of spermatogenesis?

A

4 sperm

77
Q

What are the results of oogenesis?

A

1 ovum, 3 polar bodies

78
Q

3 components of sperm are?

A

Head- contains nucleus
Midpiece- contains mitochondria
Tail- provides motility

79
Q

What do somites give rise to?

A

Cells of vertebrae and muscles

80
Q

When does ovulation occur?

A

14 days

81
Q

3 stages of labor are?

A

Dilation (early contractions)—> expolsion —> delivery of placenta

82
Q

What is in the spermatic cord besides vas deferens?

A

Lymphocytes, nerve fibers, blood vessels

83
Q

Vans deferens and Ejaculatory duct join duct of ________

A

Seminal gland

84
Q

Function of bulbo-urethral glands?

A

Thick clear mucus
lubricates penis/urethra
Neutralizes acidic urine

85
Q

Semen is a mixture of ?

A

Sperm, testicular fluid, accessory gland secretions, nutrients, chemicals

86
Q

Function of prostaglandins in sperm?

A

Decreases viscosity in cervical mucus

87
Q

Function of relaxin and enzymes in sperm?

A

Enhances motility

88
Q

Phases of male reproduction system?

A

Erection
Ejaculation
Climax

89
Q

Which nervous system is involved in erection?

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

90
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system stimulates which glands?

A

Bulbo-urethral

91
Q

Which nervous system is involved in ejaculation?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

92
Q

What happens physiologically during ejaculation?

A

Bladder sphincter contracts
Reproductive and accessory glands contract
Spinal reflex causes muscle contractions

93
Q

How many sperm are produced per day?

A

400 million

94
Q

Spermatogonia are what type of cells?

A

Stem cells

95
Q

Spermatogenesis produces what type of cells?

A

Type A daughter cells (germ or precursor cells - memory cells)
Type B daughter cells (primary spermatocyte- turn into sperm)

96
Q

Spermiogenesis gets rid of extra _____

A

Cytoplasm

97
Q

HPG system ties together _______, _______, and _______

A

Hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and gonads

98
Q

Function of HPG axis?

A

Regulation of production of gametes and sex hormones

99
Q

Layers of endometrium?

A

Stratum functionalis or functional layer

Stratum basalis or basal layer

100
Q

After menstruation a new _______layer is formed

A

Functionalis

101
Q

Breast cancer effects which cells of smallest ducts?

A

Epithelial cells

102
Q

What are the risk factors of breast cancer?

A

BRCA1 and BRAC2

103
Q

How many eggs are available at puberty?

A

300,000

104
Q

Supply of ______ _______ are depleted at menopause

A

Primordial follicles

105
Q

2 consecutive phases of ovarian cycle?

A

Follicular phase - dominant follicle is selected, then ovulation (day 1-14)

Luteal phase- period of corpus luteum activity (days 14-28)

106
Q

What occurs during follicular phase?

A

FSH and LH

Primary follicle is chosen and egg released, meiosis I

107
Q

Fraternal twins are ________oocytes

A

Different

108
Q

Identical twins are _______oocyte

A

Same (split)

109
Q

What hormones regulate the ovarian cycle?

A

GnRH
Pituitary gonadotropins
Ovarian estrogen and progesterone

110
Q

Menstrual phase is days ?

A

1-5

111
Q

Proliferative phase is days?

A

6-14

112
Q

Secrotory phase is days ?

A

15-28

113
Q

How long does oocyte live?

A

12-24 hours

114
Q

How long does sperm live?

A

24-48 hours after ejaculation

115
Q

After sperm enters oocyte, ________is released and __________ begins

A

Calcium

Meiosis II

116
Q

Sperm enters egg, _______ oocyte is formed, goes through ____________, and produces ___________ and ____________

A

Secondary
Meiosis II
Ovum
Second polar body

117
Q

Fertilized egg

A

Zygote

118
Q

Single layer of large flattened cells

A

Trophoblast

119
Q

Function of placenta?

A

Provides nutrients and oxygen

Gets rid of waste

120
Q

Placenta secretes _______, _______, and _______

A

HcG, placental lactogen, and relaxin

121
Q

Yolk sac turns forms….

A

…..part of the gut

122
Q

Yolk sac gives rise to……

A

First blood cells

123
Q

3 unique fetal heart modifications

A

Umbilical arteries
Umbilical vein
3 vascular shunts

124
Q

Venous shunt that bypasses liver

A

Ductus venosus

125
Q

Shunts blood from right atrium to left atrium

A

Foramen ovale

126
Q

Directs blood from right atrium to aorta, bypassing pulmonary circuit

A

Ductus arteriosus

127
Q

The part of the endometrium that undergoes cyclical changes in response to sec hormones is the __________layer.

A

Stratum functionalis

128
Q

The rupture of the follicular and ovulation is caused by the secretion of ________hormone.

A

LH

129
Q

Structures of the nervous system derive from the primary germ layer called ____________

A

Ectoderm

130
Q

The placental hormone that appears in the maternal blood stream soon after implantation, and tested in a pregnancy test, is called ___________

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin

131
Q

The embryonic membrane called the ____________provides a protective environment for the fetus.

A

Amnion

132
Q

Pairs of diploid chromosomes are called _________

A

Karyotype

133
Q

Female chromosomes are _____ ______

A

XX

134
Q

Make chromosomes are ____ _____

A

XY

135
Q

Incomplete gene dominance shows characteristics of __________

A

Both parents

136
Q

Few females have what type of genetic conditions?

A

X-linked conditions

137
Q

What is polygene inheritance

A

Phenotypes which depend on several gene pairs at different locations

138
Q

Genomic imprinting is?

A

Outcome depends on which parent donated ir

139
Q

Extra nuclear inheritance means?

A

Something that is passed through mom’s mitochondrial cytoplasm.

140
Q

Genetic DNA makeup. Contains two sets of genetic instructions

A

Genome

141
Q

What is the term for a variation of gene?

A

Allele (TT, Tt, tt)

142
Q

Difference between gene and allele?

A

Gene is a portion of DNA that determines trait.

Allele is responsible to the variations in whatever trait it is.

143
Q

Term for 2 of the same alleles controlling a trait

A

Homozygous

144
Q

Term for two different alleles controlling a trait

A

Heterozygous

145
Q

_________ is a persons genetic make up

A

Genotype

146
Q

_________is the way genotype is expressed in the body

A

Phenotype

147
Q

Sexual sources of genetic variation

A

Independent assortment of chromosomes

Crossover of homologous chromosomes

Random fertilization of eggs by sperm

148
Q

X-linked traits usually passed __________ to ___________. Never passed __________ to son.

A

Mother to son

Father to son

149
Q

Can a mother pass allele to daughter?

A

Yes

150
Q

Phenocopies are _____________

A

Environmentally produced phenotypes

151
Q

3 levels of control in genome are

A

Protein coding genes

2nd and 3rd layers directing development

152
Q

What three things matter in cell instruction?

A

Protein coding genes

RNA

tiny chemical tags which attach to chromatic

153
Q

About # genes are in mitochondria

A

37

154
Q

Two types of genetic fetal testing

A

Amniocentesis

Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

Bio-169 Lecture (5 decks)

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