Exam #5 Flashcards
1
Q
What absorbs heat from the testes?
A
Pampiniform plexus
2
Q
Which structure(s) make up most of the penis?
A
Corpora cavernosa
3
Q
What structure passes through the inguinal canal?
A
The spermatic cord
4
Q
A
Myoid cells
5
Q
Function of pampiniform venous plexus
A
Cools arterial blood to keep testes below core temperature
6
Q
What is cryptorchidism
A
Undescended testes
7
Q
In response to warmth the scrotum ______
A
Increases surface area
8
Q
What is cut during a vasectomy?
A
Ductus deferens
9
Q
What is the fibrous capsule of the testes
A
Tunica albuginea
10
Q
What structures are sperm factories
A
Seminiferous tubules
11
Q
Which structure surrounds the urethra?
A
Corpus spongiosum
12
Q
A
Myoid cells
13
Q
A
14
Q
What structure makes up most of the penis?
A
Corpora cavernosa
15
Q
Function of epididymus
A
Site of sperm storage and sperm maturation
16
Q
What stage of meiosis does crossing over occur?
A
Meiosis I
17
Q
What structure passes through inguinal canal?
A
The spermatic cord
18
Q
Site of sperm storage
A
Epididymus
19
Q
Sperms acrosomes contain?
A
Enzymes
20
Q
What occurs in telophase II
A
4 genetically unique haploids are formed
21
Q
Main event of anaphase I (meiosis)
A
Homologous chromosomes separate from each other
22
Q
What area of sperm contains many mitochondria?
A
Midpiece (body)
23
Q
________produces cells that have a haploid chromosome number
A
Meiosis
24
Q
What male accessory gland produces an alkaline fluid containing sugar?
A
Seminal gland
25
Conversion of haploid spermatids to spermatozoa is called?
Spermiogenesis
26
The sperm’s acrosome contains _______
Enzymes
27
What happens in metaphase I?
Homologous pairs line up along the cell’s equator
28
Event that occurs in prophase I (meiosis)
Chromosomes line up with their homologous pairs
Crossovers occur
29
Which make accessory glad produces thick, clear mucus that lubricates the glans penis during excitement?
Bulbo-urethral gland
30
What happens during interphase?
Duplicating of DNA
31
Stages of meiosis?
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
32
What happens in telophase I?
There are two newly formed nuclei
33
What happens in prophase II?
Spindles start to form
34
What happens metaphase II?
Chromosomes line up in single file line
35
What happens in anaphase II?
Chromatids are being pulled away from each other.
36
Properties of sperm?
Decreases viscosity of cervical mucus
| Enhances motility of
37
Function of corpora cavernosa?
Columns of erectile tissue spaces or caverns that get filled with blood
Contain deep arteries
38
The male urethra passes through corpus ________
Spongiosum
39
Function of scrotum?
Protects testes
Maintains temperature 2-3 degrees below body temperature
40
Function of testes?
Produce sperm
| Produce testosterone
41
What happens to sperm inside epididymus?
It matures- gains motility and fertility
42
Function of vas deferens
Connects epididymus to Ejaculatory duct
43
Function of seminle vesicle?
Produces seminal fluid that mixes with sperm and forms semen
44
Why is sperm alkaline?
Prolongs survival of sperm in vagina which is acidic
45
Function of prostate?
Secretes more alkaline fluid that is 30% of total volume
Improves survival and motility of sperm
46
Function of vagina?
Pathway for menstrual blood and childbirth
Vaginal mucus glands provide lubrication
Receives male sex organs and sperm
47
Vagina is lined with _______epithelium
Non-keratinized stratified squamous
48
Function of cervix?
Mucus glands for lubrication
Prepares sperm for fertilization
49
Infundibulum is where on the fallopian tube?
Lateral end
50
What are the FIMBRAE?
Finger-like projections that receive the oocyte
51
Where is the AMPULLA?
Central dilated part of Fallopian tube
Most common site of fertilization
52
Where is the ISTHMUS?
Joins Fallopian tube to uterus
53
Perimetrium is which layer of uterus?
Outermost (visceral) layer
| Made of epithelial cells
54
Myometrium os which layer of the uterus?
The middle
Thickest layer
Smooth muscle cells
Muscles used in contractions to get baby out
55
Endometrium is which layer of uterus?
Inner
Most active
Changes throughout the month
Influenced by progesterone and estrogen
56
Function of ovary
```
Produces eggs (oocytes)
Produces estrogen and progesterone
```
57
Function of seminiferous tubules?
Main site of sperm production
| Spermatogenesis
58
What are spermatids?
Immature sperm
59
What happens during spermatocytogenesis?
1 germ cell divides into 4 precursor sperm cells (spermatids)
60
What happens in spermiogenesis?
No cell division.
| Develops into mature sperm
61
What does LH do in female reproductive system?
Triggers ovulation
62
What does LH do in male reproductive system?
Causes testicles to make testosterone
63
What does FSH do in male reproductive system?
Stimulates spermatogenesis
64
What does testosterone do in male reproductive system?
Stimulates development of secondary sex characteristics and spermatogenesis
65
What does FSH do in female reproductive system?
Stimulates growth and maturation of follicles in ovary
66
Function of estrogen in female reproductive system?
Stimulates growth of egg follicle
Stimulate pituitary gland to release hormones to assist in follicular development
67
Function of progesterone in female reproductive system?
Prepares endometrium for potential pregnancy
Inhibits muscle contraction in uterus that would expel the egg.
68
What is a primary oocyte?
An ovum before it goes through meiosis II
69
Where are oocytes developed?
Ovary
70
What is the follicle?
Where eggs hang out while they mature and spit out the egg. Finishes meiosis here.
71
2 identical cells produced by 1st cleavage division of zygote - 36 hours after fertilization
Blastomere
72
Mass of cells filled with fluid is ________
| Fetal development
Blastocyst
73
Rapid miotic division to create a blastocyst is _______
Cleavage
74
16 cells is called a __________
Morula
75
3 primary germ layers are the…..
Ectoderm- nervous system
Mesoderm- muscular
Endoderm- visceral lining
76
What are the results of spermatogenesis?
4 sperm
77
What are the results of oogenesis?
1 ovum, 3 polar bodies
78
3 components of sperm are?
Head- contains nucleus
Midpiece- contains mitochondria
Tail- provides motility
79
What do somites give rise to?
Cells of vertebrae and muscles
80
When does ovulation occur?
14 days
81
3 stages of labor are?
Dilation (early contractions)—> expolsion —> delivery of placenta
82
What is in the spermatic cord besides vas deferens?
Lymphocytes, nerve fibers, blood vessels
83
Vans deferens and Ejaculatory duct join duct of ________
Seminal gland
84
Function of bulbo-urethral glands?
Thick clear mucus
lubricates penis/urethra
Neutralizes acidic urine
85
Semen is a mixture of ?
Sperm, testicular fluid, accessory gland secretions, nutrients, chemicals
86
Function of prostaglandins in sperm?
Decreases viscosity in cervical mucus
87
Function of relaxin and enzymes in sperm?
Enhances motility
88
Phases of male reproduction system?
Erection
Ejaculation
Climax
89
Which nervous system is involved in erection?
Parasympathetic nervous system
90
Parasympathetic nervous system stimulates which glands?
Bulbo-urethral
91
Which nervous system is involved in ejaculation?
Sympathetic nervous system
92
What happens physiologically during ejaculation?
Bladder sphincter contracts
Reproductive and accessory glands contract
Spinal reflex causes muscle contractions
93
How many sperm are produced per day?
400 million
94
Spermatogonia are what type of cells?
Stem cells
95
Spermatogenesis produces what type of cells?
Type A daughter cells (germ or precursor cells - memory cells)
Type B daughter cells (primary spermatocyte- turn into sperm)
96
Spermiogenesis gets rid of extra _____
Cytoplasm
97
HPG system ties together _______, _______, and _______
Hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and gonads
98
Function of HPG axis?
Regulation of production of gametes and sex hormones
99
Layers of endometrium?
Stratum functionalis or functional layer
| Stratum basalis or basal layer
100
After menstruation a new _______layer is formed
Functionalis
101
Breast cancer effects which cells of smallest ducts?
Epithelial cells
102
What are the risk factors of breast cancer?
BRCA1 and BRAC2
103
How many eggs are available at puberty?
300,000
104
Supply of ______ _______ are depleted at menopause
Primordial follicles
105
2 consecutive phases of ovarian cycle?
Follicular phase - dominant follicle is selected, then ovulation (day 1-14)
Luteal phase- period of corpus luteum activity (days 14-28)
106
What occurs during follicular phase?
FSH and LH
| Primary follicle is chosen and egg released, meiosis I
107
Fraternal twins are ________oocytes
Different
108
Identical twins are _______oocyte
Same (split)
109
What hormones regulate the ovarian cycle?
GnRH
Pituitary gonadotropins
Ovarian estrogen and progesterone
110
Menstrual phase is days ?
1-5
111
Proliferative phase is days?
6-14
112
Secrotory phase is days ?
15-28
113
How long does oocyte live?
12-24 hours
114
How long does sperm live?
24-48 hours after ejaculation
115
After sperm enters oocyte, ________is released and __________ begins
Calcium
| Meiosis II
116
Sperm enters egg, _______ oocyte is formed, goes through ____________, and produces ___________ and ____________
Secondary
Meiosis II
Ovum
Second polar body
117
Fertilized egg
Zygote
118
Single layer of large flattened cells
Trophoblast
119
Function of placenta?
Provides nutrients and oxygen
| Gets rid of waste
120
Placenta secretes _______, _______, and _______
HcG, placental lactogen, and relaxin
121
Yolk sac turns forms….
…..part of the gut
122
Yolk sac gives rise to……
First blood cells
123
3 unique fetal heart modifications
Umbilical arteries
Umbilical vein
3 vascular shunts
124
Venous shunt that bypasses liver
Ductus venosus
125
Shunts blood from right atrium to left atrium
Foramen ovale
126
Directs blood from right atrium to aorta, bypassing pulmonary circuit
Ductus arteriosus
127
The part of the endometrium that undergoes cyclical changes in response to sec hormones is the __________layer.
Stratum functionalis
128
The rupture of the follicular and ovulation is caused by the secretion of ________hormone.
LH
129
Structures of the nervous system derive from the primary germ layer called ____________
Ectoderm
130
The placental hormone that appears in the maternal blood stream soon after implantation, and tested in a pregnancy test, is called ___________
Human chorionic gonadotropin
131
The embryonic membrane called the ____________provides a protective environment for the fetus.
Amnion
132
Pairs of diploid chromosomes are called _________
Karyotype
133
Female chromosomes are _____ ______
XX
134
Make chromosomes are ____ _____
XY
135
Incomplete gene dominance shows characteristics of __________
Both parents
136
Few females have what type of genetic conditions?
X-linked conditions
137
What is polygene inheritance
Phenotypes which depend on several gene pairs at different locations
138
Genomic imprinting is?
Outcome depends on which parent donated ir
139
Extra nuclear inheritance means?
Something that is passed through mom’s mitochondrial cytoplasm.
140
Genetic DNA makeup. Contains two sets of genetic instructions
Genome
141
What is the term for a variation of gene?
Allele (TT, Tt, tt)
142
Difference between gene and allele?
Gene is a portion of DNA that determines trait.
Allele is responsible to the variations in whatever trait it is.
143
Term for 2 of the same alleles controlling a trait
Homozygous
144
Term for two different alleles controlling a trait
Heterozygous
145
_________ is a persons genetic make up
Genotype
146
_________is the way genotype is expressed in the body
Phenotype
147
Sexual sources of genetic variation
Independent assortment of chromosomes
Crossover of homologous chromosomes
Random fertilization of eggs by sperm
148
X-linked traits usually passed __________ to ___________. Never passed __________ to son.
Mother to son
| Father to son
149
Can a mother pass allele to daughter?
Yes
150
Phenocopies are _____________
Environmentally produced phenotypes
151
3 levels of control in genome are
Protein coding genes
| 2nd and 3rd layers directing development
152
What three things matter in cell instruction?
Protein coding genes
RNA
tiny chemical tags which attach to chromatic
153
About _#_ genes are in mitochondria
37
154
Two types of genetic fetal testing
Amniocentesis
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
