Exam #5 Flashcards
What absorbs heat from the testes?
Pampiniform plexus
Which structure(s) make up most of the penis?
Corpora cavernosa
What structure passes through the inguinal canal?
The spermatic cord
Myoid cells
Function of pampiniform venous plexus
Cools arterial blood to keep testes below core temperature
What is cryptorchidism
Undescended testes
In response to warmth the scrotum ______
Increases surface area
What is cut during a vasectomy?
Ductus deferens
What is the fibrous capsule of the testes
Tunica albuginea
What structures are sperm factories
Seminiferous tubules
Which structure surrounds the urethra?
Corpus spongiosum
Myoid cells
What structure makes up most of the penis?
Corpora cavernosa
Function of epididymus
Site of sperm storage and sperm maturation
What stage of meiosis does crossing over occur?
Meiosis I
What structure passes through inguinal canal?
The spermatic cord
Site of sperm storage
Epididymus
Sperms acrosomes contain?
Enzymes
What occurs in telophase II
4 genetically unique haploids are formed
Main event of anaphase I (meiosis)
Homologous chromosomes separate from each other
What area of sperm contains many mitochondria?
Midpiece (body)
________produces cells that have a haploid chromosome number
Meiosis
What male accessory gland produces an alkaline fluid containing sugar?
Seminal gland
Conversion of haploid spermatids to spermatozoa is called?
Spermiogenesis
The sperm’s acrosome contains _______
Enzymes
What happens in metaphase I?
Homologous pairs line up along the cell’s equator
Event that occurs in prophase I (meiosis)
Chromosomes line up with their homologous pairs
Crossovers occur
Which make accessory glad produces thick, clear mucus that lubricates the glans penis during excitement?
Bulbo-urethral gland
What happens during interphase?
Duplicating of DNA
Stages of meiosis?
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
What happens in telophase I?
There are two newly formed nuclei
What happens in prophase II?
Spindles start to form
What happens metaphase II?
Chromosomes line up in single file line
What happens in anaphase II?
Chromatids are being pulled away from each other.
Properties of sperm?
Decreases viscosity of cervical mucus
Enhances motility of
Function of corpora cavernosa?
Columns of erectile tissue spaces or caverns that get filled with blood
Contain deep arteries
The male urethra passes through corpus ________
Spongiosum
Function of scrotum?
Protects testes
Maintains temperature 2-3 degrees below body temperature
Function of testes?
Produce sperm
Produce testosterone
What happens to sperm inside epididymus?
It matures- gains motility and fertility
Function of vas deferens
Connects epididymus to Ejaculatory duct
Function of seminle vesicle?
Produces seminal fluid that mixes with sperm and forms semen
Why is sperm alkaline?
Prolongs survival of sperm in vagina which is acidic
Function of prostate?
Secretes more alkaline fluid that is 30% of total volume
Improves survival and motility of sperm
Function of vagina?
Pathway for menstrual blood and childbirth
Vaginal mucus glands provide lubrication
Receives male sex organs and sperm
Vagina is lined with _______epithelium
Non-keratinized stratified squamous
Function of cervix?
Mucus glands for lubrication
Prepares sperm for fertilization
Infundibulum is where on the fallopian tube?
Lateral end
What are the FIMBRAE?
Finger-like projections that receive the oocyte
Where is the AMPULLA?
Central dilated part of Fallopian tube
Most common site of fertilization
Where is the ISTHMUS?
Joins Fallopian tube to uterus
Perimetrium is which layer of uterus?
Outermost (visceral) layer
Made of epithelial cells
Myometrium os which layer of the uterus?
The middle
Thickest layer
Smooth muscle cells
Muscles used in contractions to get baby out
Endometrium is which layer of uterus?
Inner
Most active
Changes throughout the month
Influenced by progesterone and estrogen
Function of ovary
Produces eggs (oocytes) Produces estrogen and progesterone
Function of seminiferous tubules?
Main site of sperm production
Spermatogenesis
What are spermatids?
Immature sperm
What happens during spermatocytogenesis?
1 germ cell divides into 4 precursor sperm cells (spermatids)
What happens in spermiogenesis?
No cell division.
Develops into mature sperm
What does LH do in female reproductive system?
Triggers ovulation
What does LH do in male reproductive system?
Causes testicles to make testosterone
What does FSH do in male reproductive system?
Stimulates spermatogenesis
What does testosterone do in male reproductive system?
Stimulates development of secondary sex characteristics and spermatogenesis
What does FSH do in female reproductive system?
Stimulates growth and maturation of follicles in ovary
Function of estrogen in female reproductive system?
Stimulates growth of egg follicle
Stimulate pituitary gland to release hormones to assist in follicular development
Function of progesterone in female reproductive system?
Prepares endometrium for potential pregnancy
Inhibits muscle contraction in uterus that would expel the egg.
What is a primary oocyte?
An ovum before it goes through meiosis II
Where are oocytes developed?
Ovary
What is the follicle?
Where eggs hang out while they mature and spit out the egg. Finishes meiosis here.
2 identical cells produced by 1st cleavage division of zygote - 36 hours after fertilization
Blastomere
Mass of cells filled with fluid is ________
Fetal development
Blastocyst
Rapid miotic division to create a blastocyst is _______
Cleavage
16 cells is called a __________
Morula
3 primary germ layers are the…..
Ectoderm- nervous system
Mesoderm- muscular
Endoderm- visceral lining
What are the results of spermatogenesis?
4 sperm
What are the results of oogenesis?
1 ovum, 3 polar bodies
3 components of sperm are?
Head- contains nucleus
Midpiece- contains mitochondria
Tail- provides motility
What do somites give rise to?
Cells of vertebrae and muscles
When does ovulation occur?
14 days
3 stages of labor are?
Dilation (early contractions)—> expolsion —> delivery of placenta
What is in the spermatic cord besides vas deferens?
Lymphocytes, nerve fibers, blood vessels
Vans deferens and Ejaculatory duct join duct of ________
Seminal gland
Function of bulbo-urethral glands?
Thick clear mucus
lubricates penis/urethra
Neutralizes acidic urine
Semen is a mixture of ?
Sperm, testicular fluid, accessory gland secretions, nutrients, chemicals
Function of prostaglandins in sperm?
Decreases viscosity in cervical mucus
Function of relaxin and enzymes in sperm?
Enhances motility
Phases of male reproduction system?
Erection
Ejaculation
Climax
Which nervous system is involved in erection?
Parasympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system stimulates which glands?
Bulbo-urethral
Which nervous system is involved in ejaculation?
Sympathetic nervous system
What happens physiologically during ejaculation?
Bladder sphincter contracts
Reproductive and accessory glands contract
Spinal reflex causes muscle contractions
How many sperm are produced per day?
400 million
Spermatogonia are what type of cells?
Stem cells
Spermatogenesis produces what type of cells?
Type A daughter cells (germ or precursor cells - memory cells)
Type B daughter cells (primary spermatocyte- turn into sperm)
Spermiogenesis gets rid of extra _____
Cytoplasm
HPG system ties together _______, _______, and _______
Hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and gonads
Function of HPG axis?
Regulation of production of gametes and sex hormones
Layers of endometrium?
Stratum functionalis or functional layer
Stratum basalis or basal layer
After menstruation a new _______layer is formed
Functionalis
Breast cancer effects which cells of smallest ducts?
Epithelial cells
What are the risk factors of breast cancer?
BRCA1 and BRAC2
How many eggs are available at puberty?
300,000
Supply of ______ _______ are depleted at menopause
Primordial follicles
2 consecutive phases of ovarian cycle?
Follicular phase - dominant follicle is selected, then ovulation (day 1-14)
Luteal phase- period of corpus luteum activity (days 14-28)
What occurs during follicular phase?
FSH and LH
Primary follicle is chosen and egg released, meiosis I
Fraternal twins are ________oocytes
Different
Identical twins are _______oocyte
Same (split)
What hormones regulate the ovarian cycle?
GnRH
Pituitary gonadotropins
Ovarian estrogen and progesterone
Menstrual phase is days ?
1-5
Proliferative phase is days?
6-14
Secrotory phase is days ?
15-28
How long does oocyte live?
12-24 hours
How long does sperm live?
24-48 hours after ejaculation
After sperm enters oocyte, ________is released and __________ begins
Calcium
Meiosis II
Sperm enters egg, _______ oocyte is formed, goes through ____________, and produces ___________ and ____________
Secondary
Meiosis II
Ovum
Second polar body
Fertilized egg
Zygote
Single layer of large flattened cells
Trophoblast
Function of placenta?
Provides nutrients and oxygen
Gets rid of waste
Placenta secretes _______, _______, and _______
HcG, placental lactogen, and relaxin
Yolk sac turns forms….
…..part of the gut
Yolk sac gives rise to……
First blood cells
3 unique fetal heart modifications
Umbilical arteries
Umbilical vein
3 vascular shunts
Venous shunt that bypasses liver
Ductus venosus
Shunts blood from right atrium to left atrium
Foramen ovale
Directs blood from right atrium to aorta, bypassing pulmonary circuit
Ductus arteriosus
The part of the endometrium that undergoes cyclical changes in response to sec hormones is the __________layer.
Stratum functionalis
The rupture of the follicular and ovulation is caused by the secretion of ________hormone.
LH
Structures of the nervous system derive from the primary germ layer called ____________
Ectoderm
The placental hormone that appears in the maternal blood stream soon after implantation, and tested in a pregnancy test, is called ___________
Human chorionic gonadotropin
The embryonic membrane called the ____________provides a protective environment for the fetus.
Amnion
Pairs of diploid chromosomes are called _________
Karyotype
Female chromosomes are _____ ______
XX
Make chromosomes are ____ _____
XY
Incomplete gene dominance shows characteristics of __________
Both parents
Few females have what type of genetic conditions?
X-linked conditions
What is polygene inheritance
Phenotypes which depend on several gene pairs at different locations
Genomic imprinting is?
Outcome depends on which parent donated ir
Extra nuclear inheritance means?
Something that is passed through mom’s mitochondrial cytoplasm.
Genetic DNA makeup. Contains two sets of genetic instructions
Genome
What is the term for a variation of gene?
Allele (TT, Tt, tt)
Difference between gene and allele?
Gene is a portion of DNA that determines trait.
Allele is responsible to the variations in whatever trait it is.
Term for 2 of the same alleles controlling a trait
Homozygous
Term for two different alleles controlling a trait
Heterozygous
_________ is a persons genetic make up
Genotype
_________is the way genotype is expressed in the body
Phenotype
Sexual sources of genetic variation
Independent assortment of chromosomes
Crossover of homologous chromosomes
Random fertilization of eggs by sperm
X-linked traits usually passed __________ to ___________. Never passed __________ to son.
Mother to son
Father to son
Can a mother pass allele to daughter?
Yes
Phenocopies are _____________
Environmentally produced phenotypes
3 levels of control in genome are
Protein coding genes
2nd and 3rd layers directing development
What three things matter in cell instruction?
Protein coding genes
RNA
tiny chemical tags which attach to chromatic
About # genes are in mitochondria
37
Two types of genetic fetal testing
Amniocentesis
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)