Exam 3 Flashcards
What are the 2 intrinsic defense systems?
Innate (non-specific)
Adaptive (specific)
Innate systems first line of defense?
Body membranes
Innate defense system 2nd line of defense?
Cells
Adaptive defense system (3rd line of defense)?
Specific attack against foreign substances—- takes longer
Definition of pathogen?
Harmful or disease-causing microorganisms
What are Innate defense surface defenses?
Skin and mucosae
How do antibodies help with destruction?
They MARK. They put the death tag on the cell.
B-cells do what?
Make antibodies
T-cells function?
Cellular immunity
Leukocytosis means?
“Need WBCs!!”
Neutrophils enter blood stream from bone marrow
Margination is?
The neutrophils (phagocytes) cling to the inner walls of capillary
Diapedesis is?
Neutriphil (phagocytes) flattens like a mouse and goes through the walls.
Chemotaxis is?
Neutrophil follows chemical trail to where its needed.
Interferon function?
Interferes with virus attaching to other cells.
What are haptins?
An incomplete antigen. Has reactivity but not able to produce an immune response
B-lymph function?
Humural immunity
Makes anti-bodies
What does a Cytotoxic t cell attack?
Attack and lyse cells that are not “self”
Cytotoxic t cells kill target cells by?
Inserting perforins into the target’s membrane
Congenital thymic aplasia is?
Failure of the development of the thymus
Vaccinations are?
Artificial active immunity
Graft to identical twin?
Isograft
The process that begins when a helper t cell binds to a class 2 MHC protein on a displaying cell os known as?
Co-stimulation
Which cells stimulate both arms of the immune response?
Helper T cells
How many lung lobes?
3 lobes R
2 lobes L
Respiratory zones?
Respiratory zone- gas exchange
Conducting zone- conduits for air
Function of respiratory mucosa?
Warms air
Purpose of nasal conchae?
Increase surface area
Nasopharynx for?
Only air
Oropharynx for?
Food and air
Laryngopharynx for?
Food and air
Vestibular folds help what?
Close the glotis
Alveoli?
Thin walled air sacs
Alveolar sac?
Group of alveoli
Type II alveolar cells are?
Surfactant
Surfactant definition?
Detergent like substance
Reduces surface tension
3 features of alveoli?
Elastic fibers
Open alveolar pores
Alveolar macrophages
Atelectasis is?
Lung collapse
Boyles law?
Pressure is inversely related to volume
P1V1= P2V2
Daltons law of partial pressures?
Total pressure = sum of pressures exerted by each gas in mixture
What happens to vessels when Ventilation < perfusion?
Vessles constrict
Ventilation > perfusion?
Vessels dilate
What influences factors of Hb saturation?
Temperature
Blood pH
PCO2 (carbon dioxide)
Amount if BPG in blood (biphosphoglycerate)
Bohr effect
Release one O2 makes it easier for other O2 to release
Haldane effect?
Ruduced Hb has a greater ability to form carbaminoHb and buffer H by combining with it.
What happens during a Chloride shift?
Bicarbonate ions move from RBC into plasma and then into lungs :
To balance movement of ions, chloride moves from plasma into RBC
Lungs is opposite
What’s deficient in cystic fibrosis?
Channels for chloride
CD4 are?
Helper cells
CD8 are?
Cytotoxic cells
Functional residual capacity is equal to?
RV + ERV
What shifts oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right?
Increase in 2,3 BPG
decrease in blood Ph (more acidic)
Increase in temperature
Increase in PCO2
Complement proteins work by?
Forming pores in the membranes of target cells
What causes AIDS?
No T helper cells
NK cell specialty?
Defend against cancee and virus-infected body cells before adaptive immune system is activated
The process thst begins when a helper t cell binds to a class II MHC protein on a displaying cell is known as?
Costimulation
Type if defence from B lymphocytes?
Adaptive
Wgat is released in a respiratory burst?
Free radicals
Toll-like receptors are found on?
Macrophages
Which hypersensitivity is caused by t lymphocytes?
Delayed
4 processes of respiration
Pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
External respiration
Transport of respiratory gasses
Internal respiration
Hypernia is?
Breathing during exercise
Part of the brain that controls respiratory rate?
Medulla
What is the elastic tissue found in lungs?
Stroma
Protective outermost layer of allimentary canal ?
Serosa
Moderately dense connective tissue that has a rich supply of blood, lymphatic vessles and nerve fibers
Submucosa
Responsible for segmentation and peristalsis
Muscularis externa
Main site of nutrient absorption?
Small intestine
Phases of gastric secretion?
Cephalic phase
Gastric phase
Intestinal phase
Pepsin digests?
Protein
How do antibodies work? (Acronym)
Precipitation
Lysis
Agglutination
Neutralization
Define PRECIPITATION
Soluble cells are cross-linked into large complexes that settle out in a solution
Define NEUTRALIZATION
Simplest defebse mechanism. Antibodies block the toxin/virus
Define AGGLUTINATION
Antibodies have more than one binding site do they tonthe same determinant on more than one antigen at a time. Causes clumping
Parietal cells secrete ?
HCl