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Bio-169 Lecture > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 2 intrinsic defense systems?

A

Innate (non-specific)

Adaptive (specific)

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2
Q

Innate systems first line of defense?

A

Body membranes

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3
Q

Innate defense system 2nd line of defense?

A

Cells

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4
Q

Adaptive defense system (3rd line of defense)?

A

Specific attack against foreign substances—- takes longer

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5
Q

Definition of pathogen?

A

Harmful or disease-causing microorganisms

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6
Q

What are Innate defense surface defenses?

A

Skin and mucosae

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7
Q

How do antibodies help with destruction?

A

They MARK. They put the death tag on the cell.

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8
Q

B-cells do what?

A

Make antibodies

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9
Q

T-cells function?

A

Cellular immunity

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10
Q

Leukocytosis means?

A

“Need WBCs!!”

Neutrophils enter blood stream from bone marrow

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11
Q

Margination is?

A

The neutrophils (phagocytes) cling to the inner walls of capillary

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12
Q

Diapedesis is?

A

Neutriphil (phagocytes) flattens like a mouse and goes through the walls.

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13
Q

Chemotaxis is?

A

Neutrophil follows chemical trail to where its needed.

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14
Q

Interferon function?

A

Interferes with virus attaching to other cells.

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15
Q

What are haptins?

A

An incomplete antigen. Has reactivity but not able to produce an immune response

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16
Q

B-lymph function?

A

Humural immunity

Makes anti-bodies

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17
Q

What does a Cytotoxic t cell attack?

A

Attack and lyse cells that are not “self”

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18
Q

Cytotoxic t cells kill target cells by?

A

Inserting perforins into the target’s membrane

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19
Q

Congenital thymic aplasia is?

A

Failure of the development of the thymus

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20
Q

Vaccinations are?

A

Artificial active immunity

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21
Q

Graft to identical twin?

A

Isograft

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22
Q

The process that begins when a helper t cell binds to a class 2 MHC protein on a displaying cell os known as?

A

Co-stimulation

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23
Q

Which cells stimulate both arms of the immune response?

A

Helper T cells

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24
Q

How many lung lobes?

A

3 lobes R

2 lobes L

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25
Q

Respiratory zones?

A

Respiratory zone- gas exchange

Conducting zone- conduits for air

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26
Q

Function of respiratory mucosa?

A

Warms air

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27
Q

Purpose of nasal conchae?

A

Increase surface area

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28
Q

Nasopharynx for?

A

Only air

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29
Q

Oropharynx for?

A

Food and air

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30
Q

Laryngopharynx for?

A

Food and air

31
Q

Vestibular folds help what?

A

Close the glotis

32
Q

Alveoli?

A

Thin walled air sacs

33
Q

Alveolar sac?

A

Group of alveoli

34
Q

Type II alveolar cells are?

A

Surfactant

35
Q

Surfactant definition?

A

Detergent like substance

Reduces surface tension

36
Q

3 features of alveoli?

A

Elastic fibers
Open alveolar pores
Alveolar macrophages

37
Q

Atelectasis is?

A

Lung collapse

38
Q

Boyles law?

A

Pressure is inversely related to volume

P1V1= P2V2

39
Q

Daltons law of partial pressures?

A

Total pressure = sum of pressures exerted by each gas in mixture

40
Q

What happens to vessels when Ventilation < perfusion?

A

Vessles constrict

41
Q

Ventilation > perfusion?

A

Vessels dilate

42
Q

What influences factors of Hb saturation?

A

Temperature
Blood pH
PCO2 (carbon dioxide)
Amount if BPG in blood (biphosphoglycerate)

43
Q

Bohr effect

A

Release one O2 makes it easier for other O2 to release

44
Q

Haldane effect?

A

Ruduced Hb has a greater ability to form carbaminoHb and buffer H by combining with it.

45
Q

What happens during a Chloride shift?

A

Bicarbonate ions move from RBC into plasma and then into lungs :
To balance movement of ions, chloride moves from plasma into RBC

Lungs is opposite

46
Q

What’s deficient in cystic fibrosis?

A

Channels for chloride

47
Q

CD4 are?

A

Helper cells

48
Q

CD8 are?

A

Cytotoxic cells

49
Q

Functional residual capacity is equal to?

A

RV + ERV

50
Q

What shifts oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right?

A

Increase in 2,3 BPG
decrease in blood Ph (more acidic)
Increase in temperature
Increase in PCO2

51
Q

Complement proteins work by?

A

Forming pores in the membranes of target cells

52
Q

What causes AIDS?

A

No T helper cells

53
Q

NK cell specialty?

A

Defend against cancee and virus-infected body cells before adaptive immune system is activated

54
Q

The process thst begins when a helper t cell binds to a class II MHC protein on a displaying cell is known as?

A

Costimulation

55
Q

Type if defence from B lymphocytes?

A

Adaptive

56
Q

Wgat is released in a respiratory burst?

A

Free radicals

57
Q

Toll-like receptors are found on?

A

Macrophages

58
Q

Which hypersensitivity is caused by t lymphocytes?

A

Delayed

59
Q

4 processes of respiration

A

Pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
External respiration
Transport of respiratory gasses
Internal respiration

60
Q

Hypernia is?

A

Breathing during exercise

61
Q

Part of the brain that controls respiratory rate?

A

Medulla

62
Q

What is the elastic tissue found in lungs?

A

Stroma

63
Q

Protective outermost layer of allimentary canal ?

A

Serosa

64
Q

Moderately dense connective tissue that has a rich supply of blood, lymphatic vessles and nerve fibers

A

Submucosa

65
Q

Responsible for segmentation and peristalsis

A

Muscularis externa

66
Q

Main site of nutrient absorption?

A

Small intestine

67
Q

Phases of gastric secretion?

A

Cephalic phase
Gastric phase
Intestinal phase

68
Q

Pepsin digests?

A

Protein

69
Q

How do antibodies work? (Acronym)

A

Precipitation
Lysis
Agglutination
Neutralization

70
Q

Define PRECIPITATION

A

Soluble cells are cross-linked into large complexes that settle out in a solution

71
Q

Define NEUTRALIZATION

A

Simplest defebse mechanism. Antibodies block the toxin/virus

72
Q

Define AGGLUTINATION

A

Antibodies have more than one binding site do they tonthe same determinant on more than one antigen at a time. Causes clumping

73
Q

Parietal cells secrete ?

A

HCl

Bio-169 Lecture (5 decks)

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