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Bio-169 Lecture > Exam #4 > Flashcards

Exam #4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Most of the ATP produced during cellular respiration is produced by ___________

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

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2
Q

The final products of glycolysis are_______

A

2 molecules of pyruvic acid
2 molecules of reduced NAD+
net gain of 2 ATP

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3
Q

What stage is C?

A

Citric acid cycle

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4
Q

Identify step C

A

ATP synthase harnesses the energy of the proton gradient to synthase ATP

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5
Q

What is fueled largely by pyruvic acid?

A

Kreb’s cycle

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6
Q

What requires ATP synthesis at end?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

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7
Q

Most of the ATP produced during cellular respiration is produced by__________

A

Oxidative phosphorylation during the chemiosmotic process

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8
Q

In glycolysis, glucose must be activated with the use of how many ATP molecules?

A

2

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9
Q

What is the product of glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvic acid
2 ATP,
2 NADH+H+

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10
Q

Where does the stage of metabolism indicated by D occur?

A

Mitochondrial inner membrane

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11
Q

What is beta oxidation?

A

The start phase of fatty acid breakdown

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12
Q

The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is ________

A

Oxygen

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13
Q

Identify the stage of metabolism at A

A

Glycolysis

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14
Q

Cyanide acts as a poison by___________

A

Interfering with the flow of electrons in the electron transport chain

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15
Q

Identify stage of metabolism at B

A

Acetyl CoA

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16
Q

Identify D

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

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17
Q

What is the process of forming glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules?

A

Gluconeogenesis

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18
Q

The site of electron transport is the ________

A

Mitochondrial inner membrane

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19
Q

The stage indicated by A happens where?

A

Cytoplasm

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20
Q

What is the process of forming glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules?

A

Gluconeogenesis

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21
Q

What is the reaction called when coenzymes accept hydrogen?

A

“Redox”

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22
Q

What is the definition of glycogenesis?

A

The formation of glycogen to store glucose

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23
Q

Definition of glycogenolysis

A

glycogen breaks down into glucose.

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24
Q

What physiological step is identified by A?

A

Electron transport creates the proton gradient.

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25
Q

What cellular respiration phase requires oxygen at the end?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

26
Q

As proteins are broken down for energy, ____________is generated.

A

Ammonia

27
Q

The liver converts ammonia into_________

A

Urea

28
Q

What stage is B?

A

Acetyl CoA

29
Q

What is Gluconeogenesis?

A

The process of forming glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules

30
Q

What is glycogenesis?

A

The formation of glycogen to store glucose

31
Q

the site of electron transport is?

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

32
Q

What is happening in step C

A

ATP synthase harnesses the energy of the proton gradient to synthesize ATP

33
Q

Which metabolic cycle is fueled largely by pyruvic acid?

A

Kreb’s/citric acid cycle

34
Q

The final product of glycolysis is?

A

2 pyruvic acid
2 reduced NAD+
net gain of 2 ATP

35
Q

In glycolysis, glucose must be activated by how many ATP?

A

2

36
Q

What does leptin do?

A

Suppresses appetite by inhibiting neuropeptide Y

37
Q

What is neuropeptide Y?

A

The most powerful appetite suppressant

38
Q

Granular cells in the juxtaglomerular complex are?

A

Specialized mechanoreceptors

39
Q

What part of the nephron is plasma filtered through?

A

Glomerular capsule

40
Q

What are the large branches of the renal pelvis?

A

Major calyces

41
Q

What two structures make up each nephron?

A

Renal corpuscle and renal tube

42
Q

What part of the nephron is the primary site of glucose and amino acid reabsorption?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

43
Q

Order of structures that urine passed through?

Ureter
Renal pelvis 
Calyx
Urinary bladder
Urethra
A 
Calyx
Renal pelvis
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Urethra
44
Q

_________ ___________ are long nephrons that deeply invade the medulla

A

Juxtamedullary nephrons

45
Q

The renal _________is continuous with the ureter?

A

Pelvis

46
Q

The renal hilum lies on the _________ surface of the kidney

A

Medial

47
Q

Normal blood pH?

A

7.35(acid) - 7.45(alkaline)
< 7.35 = acidotic
> 7.45 = alkelotic

48
Q

Normal PaCO2?

A

45 (acidotic) - 35 (alkelotic)
>45 = acid
<35 = base

49
Q

Normal HCO3?

A

22 - 26
<22 = acid
>26 = base

50
Q

3 phases of glycolysis

A

Sugar activation
Sugar cleavage
Sugar oxidation and ATP formation

51
Q

3 phases of Kreb’s cycle

A

Decarboxilation
Oxidation
Formation of Acetyl CoA

52
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

Reabsorbs sodium

53
Q

What does angiotensin II do?

A

Releases Aldosterone

54
Q

What does ANP do?

A

Lowers blood pressure by promoting salt excretion. Makes you pee more

55
Q

What activates thirst mechanism?

A

Osmoreceptors in plasma membrane
Dry mouth
Decrease in blood volume or pressure

56
Q

What are fat-soluble vitamins?

A

KADE

57
Q

Can proteins be buffers?

A

Yes

58
Q

What are buffers?

A

A substance that tries to prevent the body from changing pH by absorbing excess.

59
Q

What is most related to blood volume?

A

Sodium

60
Q

First second and third line of defense for H+ concentration in blood

A

Chemical buffers (seconds) - HCO3, phosphate, proteins

Brain (minutes) - respiratory - lungs eliminate CO2

Renal mechanism (hours) - eliminates acids

61
Q

Vomiting releases _________

A

Acid

62
Q

Diarrhea releases__________

A

Base

Bio-169 Lecture (5 decks)

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