Exam #4 Flashcards
Most of the ATP produced during cellular respiration is produced by ___________
Oxidative phosphorylation
The final products of glycolysis are_______
2 molecules of pyruvic acid
2 molecules of reduced NAD+
net gain of 2 ATP
What stage is C?
Citric acid cycle
Identify step C
ATP synthase harnesses the energy of the proton gradient to synthase ATP
What is fueled largely by pyruvic acid?
Kreb’s cycle
What requires ATP synthesis at end?
Oxidative phosphorylation
Most of the ATP produced during cellular respiration is produced by__________
Oxidative phosphorylation during the chemiosmotic process
In glycolysis, glucose must be activated with the use of how many ATP molecules?
2
What is the product of glycolysis?
2 pyruvic acid
2 ATP,
2 NADH+H+
Where does the stage of metabolism indicated by D occur?
Mitochondrial inner membrane
What is beta oxidation?
The start phase of fatty acid breakdown
The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is ________
Oxygen
Identify the stage of metabolism at A
Glycolysis
Cyanide acts as a poison by___________
Interfering with the flow of electrons in the electron transport chain
Identify stage of metabolism at B
Acetyl CoA
Identify D
Oxidative phosphorylation
What is the process of forming glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules?
Gluconeogenesis
The site of electron transport is the ________
Mitochondrial inner membrane
The stage indicated by A happens where?
Cytoplasm
What is the process of forming glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules?
Gluconeogenesis
What is the reaction called when coenzymes accept hydrogen?
“Redox”
What is the definition of glycogenesis?
The formation of glycogen to store glucose
Definition of glycogenolysis
glycogen breaks down into glucose.
What physiological step is identified by A?
Electron transport creates the proton gradient.
What cellular respiration phase requires oxygen at the end?
Oxidative phosphorylation
As proteins are broken down for energy, ____________is generated.
Ammonia
The liver converts ammonia into_________
Urea
What stage is B?
Acetyl CoA
What is Gluconeogenesis?
The process of forming glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules
What is glycogenesis?
The formation of glycogen to store glucose
the site of electron transport is?
Inner mitochondrial membrane
What is happening in step C
ATP synthase harnesses the energy of the proton gradient to synthesize ATP
Which metabolic cycle is fueled largely by pyruvic acid?
Kreb’s/citric acid cycle
The final product of glycolysis is?
2 pyruvic acid
2 reduced NAD+
net gain of 2 ATP
In glycolysis, glucose must be activated by how many ATP?
2
What does leptin do?
Suppresses appetite by inhibiting neuropeptide Y
What is neuropeptide Y?
The most powerful appetite suppressant
Granular cells in the juxtaglomerular complex are?
Specialized mechanoreceptors
What part of the nephron is plasma filtered through?
Glomerular capsule
What are the large branches of the renal pelvis?
Major calyces
What two structures make up each nephron?
Renal corpuscle and renal tube
What part of the nephron is the primary site of glucose and amino acid reabsorption?
Proximal convoluted tubule
Order of structures that urine passed through?
Ureter Renal pelvis Calyx Urinary bladder Urethra
Calyx Renal pelvis Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra
_________ ___________ are long nephrons that deeply invade the medulla
Juxtamedullary nephrons
The renal _________is continuous with the ureter?
Pelvis
The renal hilum lies on the _________ surface of the kidney
Medial
Normal blood pH?
7.35(acid) - 7.45(alkaline)
< 7.35 = acidotic
> 7.45 = alkelotic
Normal PaCO2?
45 (acidotic) - 35 (alkelotic)
>45 = acid
<35 = base
Normal HCO3?
22 - 26
<22 = acid
>26 = base
3 phases of glycolysis
Sugar activation
Sugar cleavage
Sugar oxidation and ATP formation
3 phases of Kreb’s cycle
Decarboxilation
Oxidation
Formation of Acetyl CoA
What does aldosterone do?
Reabsorbs sodium
What does angiotensin II do?
Releases Aldosterone
What does ANP do?
Lowers blood pressure by promoting salt excretion. Makes you pee more
What activates thirst mechanism?
Osmoreceptors in plasma membrane
Dry mouth
Decrease in blood volume or pressure
What are fat-soluble vitamins?
KADE
Can proteins be buffers?
Yes
What are buffers?
A substance that tries to prevent the body from changing pH by absorbing excess.
What is most related to blood volume?
Sodium
First second and third line of defense for H+ concentration in blood
Chemical buffers (seconds) - HCO3, phosphate, proteins
Brain (minutes) - respiratory - lungs eliminate CO2
Renal mechanism (hours) - eliminates acids
Vomiting releases _________
Acid
Diarrhea releases__________
Base
