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PSYC304 > Exam 4 Vocab > Flashcards

Exam 4 Vocab Flashcards

chapters 8, 12, 13, 16, 17

1
Q

Perceptual Learning

A

increased ability to detect sensory stimuli, dorsal stream (where stimuli is), ventral stream (what stimuli is), from sensory association cortexes

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2
Q

Stimulus-Response Learning

A

conditioning to associate stimuli with response

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3
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

associate stimuli (CS) that doesn’t cause response (CR) with a stimulus (UC) that causes automatic response (UR), when CS is used test subject will respond with UR

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4
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus

A

stimuli that causes unconditioned response

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5
Q

Unconditioned Response

A

response generated by unconditioned stimulus

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6
Q

Conditioned Stimulus

A

stimuli that originally doesn’t produce response, paired with unconditioned stimulus in conditioning to produced conditioned response

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7
Q

Conditioned Response

A

response generated by conditioned stimulus, same as the unconditioned response generated by unconditioned stimuli

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8
Q

Hebb Rule

A

if synapse becomes active at the same time as postsynaptic cell synapse will be strengthened, used in classical conditioning

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9
Q

Operant (Instrumental) Conditioning

A

use stimuli to increase/decrease motivation based behavior

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10
Q

Reinforcing Stimulus

A

stimuli that increases a particular behavior

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11
Q

Transcortical Pathways

A

contain declarative and episodic memories

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12
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

useful for automatic/habitual movement, learned info from cortex

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13
Q

Motor Learning

A

learned voluntary movements

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14
Q

Premotor Area

A

anterior of primary motor cortex, in charge of organizing movement/actions

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15
Q

Mirror Neuron

A

in premotor cortex, recognize when other people perform the same action

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16
Q

Relational Learning

A

learn relationships between various stimuli

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17
Q

Episodic Learning

A

store and retrieve info about life events

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18
Q

Spatial Learning

A

recognize locations in a space

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19
Q

Sensory Memory

A

<1 second, unnecessary info filtered out by sensory cortex

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20
Q

Short-Term (Working) Memory

A

<1 minute, info held in prefrontal cortex, can be elongated via repetition

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21
Q

Long-Term Memory

A

lasts a lifetime, held in hippocampus and cortex

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22
Q

Declarative Memory

A

facts and life events

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23
Q

Episodic Memory

A

experiences and life events

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24
Q

Semantic Memory

A

facts and concepts

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25
Q

Hippocampus

A

where long-term memory (up to 15 years) is stored/consolidated in

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26
Q

Entorhinal Cortex

A

send info between hippocampus and association cortexes

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27
Q

Perirhinal & Parahippocampal Cortexes

A

send info between entorhinal cortex and association cortex

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28
Q

Fornix

A

send info from hippocampus to other brain regions

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29
Q

Morris Water Maze

A

experiment to measure spatial memory in rats, rat swims around maze until it finds platform

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30
Q

Place Cells

A

located in hippocampus, increase firing rate when animal is in a specific location

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31
Q

Grid Cells

A

located in entorhinal cortex, fire at evenly spaced locations in grid lines

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32
Q

Non-Declarative Memory

A

motor skills/tasks, stored in basal ganglia

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33
Q

Memory Retrieval

A

memory taken out of long-term memory

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34
Q

Memory Reconsolidation

A

memory is updated and stored again

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35
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

can’t form new memories after brain damage

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36
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

can’t remember old memories before brain damage

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37
Q

Patient H.M.

A

removed hippocampus to treat epilepsy caused by overexcitation, complete anterograde amnesia and some retrograde amnesia, no difference in short-term memory, implicit memory, IQ, etc.

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38
Q

Neural Plasticity

A

change neural pathways and brain structure

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38
Q

Synaptic Plasticity

A

change function of synapse based on neurotransmitter

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39
Q

Structural Plasticity

A

change structure, shape, or amount of synapse(s)

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40
Q

Long-Term Potentiation

A

high frequency stimulation of synapse, increase synaptic transmission, lasts as long as a year

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41
Q

Early-Phase LTP

A

EPSP activates NMDA receptor, Ca2+ activate calmodulin kinase II, insert more AMPA receptor into postsynaptic membrane, result in higher EPSP

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42
Q

Late-Phase LTP

A

terminal is always stimulated, create new proteins that create more AMPA receptors & new dendritic spines

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43
Q

Long-Term Depression

A

low frequency stimulation, cause decrease of EPSP, opposite of LTP, removes extra AMPA receptors, if only a little bit of Ca2+ let in then protein that removes AMPA is activated

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44
Q

Intracellular Fluid

A

inside cell (67%)

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45
Q

Extracellular Fluid

A

outside cell

46
Q

Intravascular Fluid

A

blood

47
Q

Interstitial Fluid

A

CSF

48
Q

Hypertonic

A

higher extracellular concentration, lower intracellular concentration, water leaves cell

49
Q

Hypotonic

A

lower extracellular concentration, higher intracellular concentration, water enters cell

50
Q

Isotonic

A

equal intra and extracellular concentration

51
Q

Osmotic Thirst

A

thirst from eating salty foods, only need water

52
Q

OVLT (Organum Vasculosum of the Lamina Terminalis)

A

organ around 3rd ventricle, contain osmoreceptors outside of BBB, send info to median preoptic nucleus, signal osmometric thirst

53
Q

Osmoreceptors

A

neuron sensitive to stretch, signal salt concentration and fluid balance, send info to median preoptic nucleus & hypothalamus

54
Q

Vasopressin

A

hormone that decreases water in neuron

55
Q

Adipsia

A

damaged lamina terminalis, can’t feel thirst

56
Q

Volumetric Thirst

A

loss of fluid via blood or sweat, need water and salt

57
Q

Angiotensin

A

hormone that creates volumetric thirst, increase blood pressure, retain sodium and water

58
Q

SFO (Subfornical Organ)

A

detects angiotensin levels in volumetric thirst, send info to median preoptic nucleus

59
Q

Median Preoptic Nucleus

A

inhibit or stimulate drinking, info from angiotensin sensing neurons in subfornical organ and OVLT osmoreceptors around BBB

60
Q

Lamina Terminalis

A

between wall of third ventricle and hypothalamus, contains OVLT, SFO, and median preoptic nucleus

61
Q

Glucose

A

sugar, used for fuel in cells

62
Q

Glycogen

A

short-term reservoir of extra nutrients, can be turned back into glucose to use later, only used by CNS (brain can only use glucose)

63
Q

Insulin

A

pancreatic hormone, allows glucose to enter cell, decrease blood sugar, medium-term satiety signal

64
Q

Glucagon

A

opposite of insulin, pancreatic peptide hormone, increase blood sugar, turn glycogen into glucose

65
Q

Triglycerides

A

fat in blood adipose cells, long-term reservoir for extra nutrients

66
Q

Ghrelin

A

neuropeptide hormone, increases hunger before eating, decreases after eating

67
Q

MCH (Melanin-Concentrating Hormone) and Orexin

A

neuropeptide made in lateral hypothalamus, increase hunger, decrease metabolism, cause sleepiness after eating

68
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

released by duodenum when stretched, closes off stomach, takes a while to reach brain, short-term satiety signal

69
Q

Leptin

A

peptide signal released by fat cells, decrease appetite/food intake, long-term satiety signal

70
Q

Hypothalamus

A

important for starting/stopping eating, produces MCH and orexin, receives info from arcuate nucleus

71
Q

Arcuate Nucleus

A

receives signal from ghrelin and leptin, release neuropeptide Y to lateral hypothalamus

72
Q

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

A

vitamin B1 deficiency prevents glucose metabolism, cause cell degeneration, caused by chronic alcoholism, treat with thiamine (what vitamin B1 makes)

73
Q

Mammillary Bodies

A

recollective memory, located in diencephalon with thalamus and hypothalamus

74
Q

Confabulations

A

lose memories, create fake memories to fill in memory gaps

75
Q

Dementia

A

progressive memory loss and brain damage

76
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

type of dementia, progressive decline in mental function, neuron death

77
Q

Amyloid Plaques

A

tangles of beta amyloid proteins outside of cell, created from amyloid precursor protein cut incorrectly, sticky and clumps together, cause cell death in Alzheimer’s

78
Q

Beta Amyloid Peptide

A

peptide made from beta amyloid protein

79
Q

Tau Protein

A

make up microtubules inside cell

80
Q

Neurofibrillary Tangle

A

tau proteins form coils in cytoplasm, tangled microtubules prevent neuron from gaining nutrients, cause cell death in Alzheimer’s

81
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

A

degeneration of upper (spinal cord) and lower (muscle) motor neurons, muscle paralysis, caused by clumps of toxic proteins

82
Q

Alzheimer’s Treatment

A

increase glutamate and acetylcholine transmission, vaccine for beta amyloid proteins, inhibit secretase (that cut amyloid proteins)

83
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

type of dementia, difficulty beginning movement, dopamine receptors in substantia nigra of striatum destroyed

84
Q

Lewy Body

A

clumps of proteins in brain, symptom of Huntington’s diseas

85
Q

Parkinson’s Treatment

A

increase dopamine (L-DOPA, dopamine agonist), pallidotomy (lesion GPi), dopamine cell transplant (increase dopamine neurons), deep brain stimulation

86
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A

type of dementia, degeneration of striatum and cortex, unable to stop moving

87
Q

Caudate Nucleus

A

plan and execute movement, info from cerebral cortex to globus pallidus and primary motor, located in striatum

88
Q

Putamen

A

motor control, info from cerebral cortex to globus pallidus and primary motor, located in striatum

89
Q

Globus Pallidus

A

part of basal ganglia, part of movement pathway, info from striatum to thalamus, GABAergic

90
Q

Striatum

A

part of basal ganglia, part of movement pathway, info from cortex to globus pallidus, GABAergic

91
Q

Subthalamic Nuclei (STn)

A

part of indirect movement pathway, info from GPe to GPi/SNr, glutamatergic

92
Q

Globus Pallidus External (GPe)

A

part of indirect movement pathway, info from D2 neurons in striatum, send to STn

93
Q

Globus Pallidum Internal (GPi)

A

part of direct movement pathway, info from D1 neurons in striatum, send to thalamus

94
Q

Substantia Nigra pars Reticulata (SNr)

A

part of direct movement pathway, info from D1 neurons in striatum, send to thalamus, GABAergic

95
Q

Substantia Nigra pars Compacta (SNc)

A

send info to D1 and D2 receptors in striatum

96
Q

Cortical striatal pathway

A

brain circuit that executes movement, neurons from cortex goes to striatum, glutaminergic

97
Q

Nigrostriatal Pathway

A

neurons from SNc send dopamine signals to striatum

98
Q

Striatonigral Pathway

A

direct pathway, cause movement, D1 receptors at striatum

99
Q

Striatopallidal Pathway

A

indirect pathway, stop movement, D2 receptors at striatum and GPe

100
Q

D1 Receptor

A

excitatory dopamine receptor, increase neurotransmitter release

101
Q

D2 receptor

A

inhibitory dopamine receptor, decrease neurotransmitter release

102
Q

Pallidotomy

A

lesion GPi, treatment for Parkinson’s, allows thalamus to send signals to cortex

103
Q

Deep Brain Stimulation

A

electrically stimulate thalamus via electrodes in brain, treatment for Parkinson’s

104
Q

Chorea

A

involuntary muscle movements, symptom of Huntington’s

105
Q

Schizophrenia

A

deteriorating ability to function

106
Q

Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia

A

exaggerated/increased normal functions (ie. hallucinations, thought disorder, delusions)

107
Q

Negative Symptoms

A

decreased/impaired normal functioning (ie. flattened affect, less speech, social withdrawal)

108
Q

Hypofrontality Hypothesis

A

schizophrenia is caused by less neurons/function in frontal lobe, brain has less gray matter and bigger ventricles

109
Q

Genetic Hypothesis

A

more genes related to someone with schizophrenia = higher chances of developing schizophrenia

110
Q

Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis

A

schizophrenia caused by abnormal pre/postnatal brain development (ie. head injury, birth complication, mother gets sick, poor nutrients)

111
Q

Glutamate Hypothesis

A

increased glutamate causes positive symptoms of schizophrenia, decreased glutamate causes negative symptoms

112
Q

Dopamine Hypothesis

A

excess dopamine causes positive schizophrenia symptoms, antipsychotics (dopamine receptor antagonists) reduce positive symptoms

PSYC304 (4 decks)

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