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PSYC304 > Exam 3 Vocab > Flashcards

Exam 3 Vocab Flashcards

Chapters 4, 5, 11

1
Q

Direct Agonist

A

increases neurotransmitter effect by binding to binding site (mimics neurotransmitter)

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2
Q

Indirect Agonist

A

increases neurotransmitter effect by binding to alternative binding site

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3
Q

Direct Antagonist

A

decreases neurotransmitter effect by binding to binding site (blocks neurotransmitter)

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4
Q

Indirect Antagonist

A

decreases neurotransmitter effect by binding to alternative binding site

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5
Q

Route of Administration

A

how drug enters body (oral, injection, smoking, etc.)

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6
Q

Intracerebral Administration

A

drug is administered directly into brain

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7
Q

Intracerebroventricular Administration

A

drug injected into little ball placed in brain, connected to ventricles via tube

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8
Q

Intrathecal Administration

A

inject drug into CSF in brain/spine through subarachnoid space

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9
Q

Dose Response Curve

A

graph of dose vs. specific drug effect, plateaus after a while

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10
Q

Affinity

A

how well drug ligand binds to receptor

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11
Q

Potency

A

amount of drug needed to produce response

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12
Q

Effective Dose 50 (ED50)

A

dose required to get 50% drug effect

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13
Q

Lethal Dose 50 (LD50)

A

dose that leads to 50% of deaths in test subjects

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14
Q

Therapeutic Index (Margin of Safety)

A

difference between ED50 and LD50, range of drug dose that’s safe (smaller index = more dangerous)

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15
Q

Tolerance

A

decrease in drug effectiveness after multiple uses

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16
Q

Opioid Overdose

A

people who develop opioid tolerance take a break from using drug, when they use the same amount as before they overdose because they no longer have tolerance

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17
Q

Naloxone (Narcan)

A

opioid receptor antagonist, high affinity, very effective at reversing opioid overdose

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18
Q

Sensitization

A

increase in drug effectiveness after multiple uses

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19
Q

Acetylcholinesterase

A

enzyme that destroys acetylcholine

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20
Q

Nicotonic Acetylcholine Receptors

A

excitatory ionotropic/autonomic, smooth muscle at neuromuscular junctions

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21
Q

Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors

A

metabotropic, parasympathetic nervous system, most common in CNS

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22
Q

Nicotine

A

ionotropic ACh (nicotinic) agonist, rewarding feeling

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23
Q

Muscarine

A

metabotropic ACh (muscarinic) agonist, toxic hallucinogenic effect

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24
Q

Atropine

A

metabotropic ACh (muscarinic) antagonist, block pupil constriction saliva production and block PNS

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25
Q

Curare

A

ionotropic ACh (nicotinic) antagonist, paralyze muscles

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26
Q

Black Widow Venom

A

force ACh release from vesicles, force muscle contraction

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27
Q

Choline

A

used to synthesize ACh, increase ACh in body

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28
Q

Botox

A

prevent ACh release from vesicles, prevent muscle contraction

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29
Q

Adenosine

A

purine neurotransmitter, neuronal inhibition, increases during the day to cause sleepiness

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30
Q

Adenosine Receptors

A

metabotropic receptors

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31
Q

Caffeine

A

metabotropic adenosine antagonist, prevent feeling sleepy

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32
Q

Glutamate

A

amino acid neurotransmitter, basic excitatory functions, located throughout brain

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33
Q

AMPA Receptor

A

glutamate receptor, fast EPSP, ionotropic Na+, made of subunits, everywhere in brain, not effected by one specific drug

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34
Q

NMDA Receptor

A

glutamate co-receptor with glycine, ionotropic Ca2+ and Na+, turn on via many binding sites, helps change strength of synapses

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35
Q

Excitotoxicity

A

over-excitation of neurons causes death

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36
Q

Mg2+ Block

A

voltage gated ion channel of NMDA Receptor

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37
Q

Glycine

A

co agonist with glutamate at NMDA receptor

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38
Q

Phencyclidine (PCP)

A

indirect antagonist to glutamate at NMDA receptor, hallucinogen

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39
Q

Ketamine

A

indirect antagonist to glutamate at NMDA receptor (in large doses), hallucinogen, antidepressant effects (in small doses), possible drug abuse, early anesthesia

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40
Q

Vitamin B6

A

help create GABA

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41
Q

GABA

A

amino acid neurotransmitter, basic inhibitory functions, receptors throughout brain

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42
Q

GABAa Receptor

A

inotropic Cl-

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43
Q

Vitamin B6 Deficiency

A

less GABA produced, causes seizures and deaths in babies

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44
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

GABAa agonist, anti-anxiety, muscle relaxant, increase number of Cl- channels opening

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45
Q

Barbiturates

A

GABAa agonist, anesthesia, epilepsy control, increase Cl- channel open duration

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46
Q

Picrotoxins

A

GABAa antagonist, proconvulsant, decrease channel open time

47
Q

Monoamine Neurotransmitters

A

modularly effects via G-protein receptors, only produced by some neurons

48
Q

Tyrosine Hydroxylase

A

enzyme that synthesizes L-DOPA, which is used to create dopamine

49
Q

Mesostriatal Dopaminergic Pathway

A

midbrain to striatum, controls voluntary movement

50
Q

Mesolimbic Dopaminergic Pathway

A

motivation, reward, drug abuse, schizophrenia

51
Q

Mesocortical Dopaminergic Pathway

A

motivation, emotion, executive functions

52
Q

D1 Receptor

A

excitatory dopamine receptor, increases cAMP

53
Q

D2 Receptor

A

inhibitory dopamine receptors, decreases cAMP

54
Q

Classical Antipsychotic Drugs

A

D2 receptor antagonist, schizophrenia medication, reduce psychotic symptoms

55
Q

Cocaine

A

inhibit dopamine reuptake, increase dopamine activation time, change neural pathways to cause addiction

56
Q

Amphetamine & Methamphetamine

A

inhibit dopamine reuptake by making dopamine work in reverse (eject dopamine rather than collecting it)

57
Q

L-dopa

A

made from tyrosine, form dopamine, increase dopamine production

58
Q

Tryptophan

A

amino acid used to make HTP and serotonin, increase serotonin production

59
Q

Raphe Nuclei

A

part of brain stem that contains serotonin producing neurons

60
Q

LSD

A

serotonin receptor agonist, psycadelic

61
Q

MDMA

A

causes serotonin transporters to run backwards, cause hallucinations

62
Q

Prozac (Fluoxetine) (SSRIs)

A

used to treat depression, anxiety, OCD, etc. by inhibiting serotonin reuptake

63
Q

Monoamine Hypothesis

A

lack of monoamine neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin) causes depression

64
Q

Reserpine

A

prevent monoamines from being stored in vesicles, increases depression

65
Q

Iproniazid

A

monoamine oxidase inhibitor, first depression treatment

66
Q

Monoamine Oxidase

A

enzyme that removes/destroys monoamine neurotransmitters

67
Q

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor (MAO)

A

antidepressant, inhibit monoamine oxidase, increases monoamines in brain

68
Q

THC

A

active ingredient of marijuana, cannabinoid receptor agonis, reduces nausea, asthma, mood disorders, etc. but affects concentration, memory, perception

69
Q

Endocannabinoids

A

naturally occuring ligands for receptors that cause physiological effects of THC

70
Q

Retrograde Signaling of Endocannabinoids

A

signal released from postsynaptic membrane, bind to presynaptic receptors and affect presynaptic neurotransmitter release

71
Q

Golgi Stain

A

only stains some cells, show axon and cell body, good for detailed look at single neurotransmitter

72
Q

Nissl Stain (Cresyl Violet Stain)

A

stains neuron soma of all neurons, good for counting number of cells

73
Q

Immunohistochemistry

A

put dye on antibodies that attach to antigens to dye them (ie. proteins), can be used to identify type of neurotransmitter based on presence of enzyme that synthesizes a specific neurotransmitter

74
Q

Brainbow

A

color code individual neurons in brain via proteins in DNA

75
Q

Clarity

A

imbeds tissue in hydrogel, remove lipids, form clear tissue that can be seen without cutting brian

76
Q

In Vivo Electrophysiological Recording

A

measure neuron activity via wires implanted in brain while test subject moves, record action potentials of singular/multiple neurons

77
Q

Computed Tomography (CT)

A

use x-ray to take pictures of coronal brain slices

78
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

use magnetic field to scan brain, hydrogen atoms align in magnetic field to make images, like CT but more detailed

79
Q

Functional MRI (fMRI)

A

use oxygenated blood to locate area of brain that is activated when doing a task, can’t be used to identify specific neurotransmitter (only shows location) can be unaccurate

80
Q

Position Emission Tomography (PET)

A

inject radioactive tracer that is taken up by specific receptors/neurons, can track where signal travels

81
Q

Lesion Studies

A

purposely damage part of brain and observe behavior, find out what functions part of brain is in charge of

82
Q

Stereotaxic Procedure

A

drill into brain to create lesions

83
Q

Ablation

A

lesion formed by cut/suck out brain area

84
Q

Electrolytic Lesion

A

electrify brain area with wire, destroy all cell bodies and axons

85
Q

Excitotoxic Lesion

A

inject chemical that overexcites select neurons to destroy cell bodies

86
Q

Sham Lesion

A

placebo, do all procedures for lesions but don’t actually damage brain, used as control for lesion studies

87
Q

Neuropharmacological Inactivation

A

inject drug into brain that temporarily disables neurons, brain functions return after drug dissipates

88
Q

Electrical Stimulation

A

imbed wires in brain, electrical current stimulate areas of brain

89
Q

Optogenetic Stimulation

A

photosensitive proteins in charge of ion channels, ion channels open when specific colored light is shined on brain

90
Q

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

A

facial nerves responsible for facial expressions lead to emotion to brain (ie. smiling makes you feel happy)

91
Q

Insular Cortex

A

cortex hidden between temporal and parietal lobes, strong activation when feeling disgust

92
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

important for emotional processing, damage causes change in personality/emotions, lack of care for others

93
Q

Prefrontal Lobotomy

A

purposeful damage of prefrontal cortex, used to treat depression, not very effective

94
Q

Right Hemisphere

A

more involved in emotional processing, hear tone of voice/emotion

95
Q

Left Hemisphere

A

more involved in language formation and processing, understand meaning

96
Q

Limbic System

A

brain areas involved in emotion, under cerebral cortex

97
Q

Basolateral Nucleus

A

parts of amygdala that take sensory input and send to central nucleus

97
Q

Amygdala

A

important for emotional processing, activation when feeling fear, deactivation when feeling love

98
Q

Central Nucleus

A

part of amygdala that send information to other parts of brain to stimulate emotion response

99
Q

Patient S.M.

A

damaged amygdala, couldn’t feel fear

100
Q

Defensive Aggression

A

aggression in animals as a response to danger, activate medial hypothalamus and PAG

101
Q

Predatory Aggression

A

aggression in animals to eat/assert dominance, activate lateral hypothalamus

102
Q

Reactive Aggression

A

aggression in animals and humans, response to danger

103
Q

Appetitive Aggression

A

aggression in animals and humans, aggression for pleasure, associated with rewards system in brain

104
Q

Operant Aggression

A

purposely getting into fights/beating others up for rewarding feeling

105
Q

Medial Hypothalamus

A

activation in defensive/reactive aggression

106
Q

Lateral Hypothalamus

A

activation in predatory/appetitive aggression

107
Q

Testosterone

A

male sex hormone, correlated with higher aggression

108
Q

Aggression in Females

A

highest during lactation, when protecting children

109
Q

Anterior Cingulate Cortex

A

activation when feeling love

110
Q

Anterior Insula Cortex

A

activation related to feeling love

111
Q

Acetylcholine

A

wakefulness, learning, memory, attention, made from choline in forebrain and brain stem

112
Q

Dopamine

A

reward system, made from L-dopa, most neurons located in ventral tegmental area (midbrain)

PSYC304 (4 decks)

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