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PSYC304 > Exam 2 Vocab > Flashcards

Exam 2 Vocab Flashcards

Chapter 2

1
Q

Electric Potential

A

change in electric charges

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2
Q

Diffusion

A

atoms automatically move towards area with lower concentration

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3
Q

Concentration Gradient

A

difference in concentration of ions across membrane, drawn towards lower concentration

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4
Q

Electrostatic Gradient

A

difference in charges made by ions across membrane, drawn towards opposite charge

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5
Q

Selective Permeability

A

only some atoms/molecules can pass through cell membrane

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6
Q

Equilibrium Potential

A

the charge of neuron membrane when membrane is permeable to specific ion, no net flow of ions

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7
Q

Nernst Equation

A

used to calculate equilibrium potential, uses ion concentration

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7
Q

Goldman Equation

A

used to calculate membrane potential, based on ion concentration and membrane permeability

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7
Q

Sodium-Potassium Pump

A

use ATP to pump 3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in

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8
Q

Ion Channels

A

allows specific ion to pass through membrane, like a straw

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9
Q

Non-Gated Ion Channels

A

always open

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10
Q

Voltage-Gated Ion Channel

A

opens when there are changes in membrane potential

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11
Q

Refractory State of Ion Channels

A

inactivated/closed

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12
Q

Ligand-Gated Ion Channels

A

opens when ligand binds

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13
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

decrease in membrane potential (more -)

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14
Q

Depolarization

A

increase in membrane potential (more +)

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15
Q

Threshold of Excitation

A

amount of membrane potential needed to trigger action potential, opens voltage gated ion channels

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16
Q

Overshoot

A

peak depolarization in action potential (Na+ ion channels close afterwards)

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17
Q

Undershoot

A

highest hyperpolarized level following action potential (Na+ closed, K+ still open)

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18
Q

All-or-None

A

action potential is the same strength if the threshold of excitation is reached, doesn’t matter strength of stimuli

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19
Q

Refractory Period

A

periods during/after action potential when another action potential can’t occur

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20
Q

Absolute Refractory Period

A

no action potentials, Na+ channels in refractory state

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21
Q

Relative Refractory Period

A

needs stronger stimulus to reach threshold, in hyperpolarized state after action potential

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22
Q

Continuous Propagation

A

action potential continuously moves down unmyelinated axon

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23
Q

Decremental Conduction

A

depolarization of membrane under myelin sheath decreases as it moves along axon membrane

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24
Q

Salutatory Conduction

A

action potential jumps from nodes of Ranvier, holds high concentration of ion channels, goes further with less energy

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25
Q

Synapse

A

gap between 2 neurons, where signaling molecules are released

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26
Q

Presynaptic Membrane

A

membrane of neuron releasing signaling molecules into synapse

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27
Q

Postsynaptic Membrane

A

membrane of neuron receiving signaling molecules from synapse

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28
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A

gap between presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes

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29
Q

Presynaptic Neuron

A

neuron that releases signal to postsynaptic neuron

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30
Q

Postsynaptic Neuron

A

neuron that receives signal from presynaptic neuron

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31
Q

Afferent Neuron

A

brings information/signal into brain structure

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32
Q

Efferent Neuron

A

takes information/signal away from brain structure

33
Q

Interneuron

A

entire neuron is in brain structure, doesn’t connect to other structures

34
Q

Resting Membrane Potential

A

membrane potential without excitation, -70 mV

35
Q

Ions Concentrated Inside Neuron

A

A- (organic anion), K+ (potassium ion)

36
Q

Ions Concentrated Outside Neuron

A

Na+ (sodium ion), Ca2+ (calcium ion), Cl- (chloride ion)

37
Q

Synaptic Transmission

A

delivering messages/signals via synapse

38
Q

Release (Active) Zone

A

part of terminal button where vesicles fuse with membrane to release neurotransmitters

39
Q

Postsynaptic Density

A

thick part of membrane on postsynaptic membrane, receives/processes signal

40
Q

Endocytosis

A

membrane bends to scoop outside material into a vesicle

41
Q

Exocytosis

A

vesicle binds to membrane to release its contents

42
Q

Postsynaptic Potential (PSP)

A

membrane potential of postsynaptic cell, depends on ion channels open

43
Q

EPSP (Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential)

A

depolarization of postsynaptic membrane, Na+ flow in

44
Q

IPSP (Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential)

A

hyperpolarization of postsynaptic membrane, Cl- flow in

45
Q

Graded Potential

A

small change in membrane, not enough to trigger action potential, decreases in strength as it moves along axon, strength depends on stimuli intensity

46
Q

Rate Law

A

high intensity stimuli = high rate of signal, low intensity stimuli = low rate of signal

47
Q

Chemical Synapse

A

most common synapse in mammal brain, gap between pre/postsynaptic membranes, releases neurotransmitters in one direction, slower chain event

48
Q

Step 1 of Chemical Synapse

A

action potential arrives at axon terminal, depolarization causes Ca2+ channels to open and rush into neuron

49
Q

Step 2 of Chemical Synapse

A

Ca2+ triggers vesicles to release neurotransmitters

50
Q

Step 3 of Chemical Synapse

A

neurotransmitters bind to postsynaptic receptors, open ion channels

51
Q

Step 4 of Chemical Synapse

A

signal is terminated via diffusion, degradation, or reuptake

52
Q

Degradation

A

large signal molecule destroyed via enzyme

53
Q

Reuptake

A

small signal molecule taken back into the axon terminal

54
Q

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

A

enzyme that degrades acetylcholine (ACh)

55
Q

Neuromuscular Junction

A

chemical synapse between motor neuron and muscle

56
Q

End Plate Potential

A

membrane potential of muscle cell in neuromuscular junction

57
Q

Junctional Folds

A

folds in muscle fibers, keep neurotransmitter contained for longer periods of time, increase muscle contraction

58
Q

Myasthenia Gravis

A

antibodies attack acetylcholine receptors in muscle cells, destroy junctional folds, not enough muscle receptors for muscle contraction, cause muscle weakness

59
Q

SNARE Protein

A

protein attached to vesicles, help them dock and release neurotransmitters

60
Q

Botulinum Toxin

A

botox, prevent motor neurons from releasing acetylcholine by removing SNARE proteins, cause muscle paralysis

61
Q

Tetanus Toxin

A

prevent inhibitory neurons from releasing neurotransmitters by removing SNARE proteins, cause muscle overexcitation/contraction

62
Q

Neural Integration

A

take info from all presynaptic signals, decide if action potential happens or not

63
Q

Spatial Integration/Summation

A

PSP signals closer to axon hillock have a stronger influence in neural integration

64
Q

Temporal Summation/Integration

A

higher PSP signal frequency = stronger influence in neural integration

65
Q

Axon Hillock

A

end of axon attached to soma, decides if action potential is triggered

66
Q

Electrical Synapse

A

signal carried to postsynaptic membrane via ions, two way current, faster and less complex, immediate effect, good for large body motions (reflexes)

67
Q

Gap Junction

A

gap between 2 cell membranes in electrical synapse

68
Q

Gap Junction Channel

A

2 halves of hemichannel connected in the middle, creates continuous ion channel in gap junction

69
Q

Axosomatic Synapse

A

presynaptic axon terminal connected to postsynaptic soma

70
Q

Axodendritic Synapse

A

presynaptic axon terminal connected to postsynaptic dendrite

71
Q

Axoaxonic Synapse

A

axon terminal connected to another presynaptic axon, usually in presynaptic inhibition/facilitation

72
Q

Presynaptic Inhibition

A

stop presynaptic axon from releasing neurotransmitter (ie. opioids)

73
Q

Presynaptic Facilitation

A

increase presynaptic axon neurotransmitter release

74
Q

Postsynaptic Receptor

A

along the postsynaptic membrane of chemical synapses, specific to a single neurotransmitter

75
Q

Ionotropic Receptor

A

ligand binds, opens ion channel, instant activation but doesn’t last long

76
Q

Metabotropic Receptor

A

chain reaction of metabolic reactions, can monitor ionotropic receptors, slower activation but lasts longer

77
Q

G-protein Receptor

A

ligand binds, activates G-protein, effector protein, create/release second messenger, etc. until target action is achieved, metabotropic receptor

78
Q

Effector Protein

A

creates second messenger in metabotropic receptors

79
Q

Cyclic AMP (cAMP)

A

common second messenger, made from ATP

80
Q

Autoreceptor

A

receptor for the same neurotransmitter released by neuron, negative feedback loop that inhibits neurotransmitter release when neurotransmitter binds, ie. D2 dopamine autoreceptor

81
Q

Hormone

A

large messenger molecules made by endocrine glands, transported via blood, long lasting, receptors in entire body, can be a neurotransmitter

PSYC304 (4 decks)

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