Exam 4 Vocab

Question 1

a long lasting change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

Answer 1

learning

Question 2

change in behavior due to the repeated presentation of the same stimulus

Answer 2

non-associative learning

Question 3

decreased response to a repeated stimulus

Answer 3

habituation

Question 4

learning that two events go together

Answer 4

associative learning

Question 5

organism comes to associate two stimuli, which are either appetitive or aversive

Answer 5

classical conditioning

Question 6

organism comes to associate a response with a stimulus outcome, with the stimulus being either rewarding or punishing

Answer 6

operant conditioning

Question 7

area in the basal ganglia that controls the release of dopamine and allows for operant conditioning

Answer 7

nucleus accumbens

Question 8

Learning through others by observing and imitating their behavior

Answer 8

social learning

Question 9

special motor neurons in the frontal lobe that fire both when observing and enacting an action

Answer 9

mirror neurons

Question 10

the acquisition, retention, and use (retrieval) of information

Answer 10

memory

Question 11

inability to recall events that occurred before a brain damaging incident

Answer 11

retrograde amnesia

Question 12

inability to recall events that occurred after a brain damaging incident

Answer 12

anterograde amnesia

Question 13

a very brief holding sensory input caused by brief sustained activity of sensory receptors

Answer 13

sensory memory

Question 14

types of sensory memory

Answer 14

iconic, echoic, and haptic

Question 15

the narrowing of awareness to one part of the sensory environment while ignoring other aspects

Answer 15

attention

Question 16

brain area that assists with attention, and if damaged, attention becomes impaired

Answer 16

fronto-parietal network

Question 17

the mind’s workplace that assists with perceiving, comparing, computing, and reasoning

Answer 17

short-term working memory

Question 18

area of the brain that has delay cells to assist with working memory

Answer 18

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Question 19

unconscious memories that are inferred based on behavior

Answer 19

implicit memory

Question 20

knowledge of motor skills, habits, and rules

Answer 20

procedural memory

Question 21

conscious memories you are able to describe or declare

Answer 21

explicit memory

Question 22

memories of personal experiences

Answer 22

episodic memory

Question 23

knowledge of the world

Answer 23

semantic memory

Question 24

a relatively permanent and limitless storehouse that allows us to recognize and recall information

Answer 24

long term memory

Question 25

author of “the organization of behavior,” pioneer of cell assemblies, synaptic plasticity, and associative memory theory

Answer 25

Donald Hebb

Question 26

groups of cells with reciprocal connections and reverberating activity

Answer 26

cell assemblies

Question 27

synapses that physically change to simultaneous pre and post synaptic activity called hebbian synapses

Answer 27

synaptic plasticity

Question 28

a to-be-remembered stimulus or event produces a sustained activation of a cell assembly, changing the synaptic connections of the assembly, so cues tied to the original encoding can reactivate the assembly

Answer 28

theory of associative memory

Question 29

theory that when long-term memories are retrieved they enter a labile active phase, and when placed back into long-term memory they can be updated and altered

Answer 29

reconsolidation

Question 30

cortical neurons can alter their connectivity patterns based on experience or lack of experience

Answer 30

cortical reorginization

Question 31

process in which the intact motor axons send axon terminals to voids left by denervated muscles

Answer 31

collateral sprouting

Question 32

constraints to plasticity

Answer 32

function (not all neurons are universal), location (neocortex is most, brainstem is least) and age (younger brains are more plastic)

Question 33

an affect state that involves physiological, cognitive, and behavioral experience that helps focus attention and energize action

Answer 33

emotion

Question 34

our bodily reactions determine the subjective emotion we experience

Answer 34

James-Lange somatic theory of emotion

Question 35

our interpretation of the arousal (bodily feedback) leads to the specific emotion, with context being the largest factor

Answer 35

Schachter-Singer two factor model of emotion

Question 36

exiting signals from the brain based on emotion that either activate the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 36

efferent signals

Question 37

entering signals to the brain that permit visceral sensation, muscle sensation, and information for the brain about the body’s state of arousal

Answer 37

afferent feedback

Question 38

relationship between emotional arousal and performance seems to take an inverted U shape

Answer 38

Yerkes-Dodson law

Question 39

area that supplies the nucleus accumbens with dopamine; underactivity is tied to depression, overactivity is tied to mania

Answer 39

ventral tegmental area of the midbrain

Question 40

brain area next to the hippocampus in the medial temporal lobe that receives and projects emotional sensory input

Answer 40

amygdala

Question 41

two paths to the amygdala

Answer 41

1. slow path from the thalamus to the visual cortex to the amygdala
2. fast path from the thalamus to the amygdala

Question 42

area of the prefrontal cortex that regulates stress and pain response, as well as social evaluation

Answer 42

anterior cingulate cortex

Question 43

area of the anterior cingulate cortex that has been implicated in causing mood disorders

Answer 43

subgenual region

Question 44

area of the prefrontal cortex located above the eye socket that regulates behavior

Answer 44

orbitofrontal region

Question 45

surgery that damages the orbitofrontal region, resulting in apathy and loss of drive

Answer 45

leukotomy