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Biopsych > Exam 3 Vocab > Flashcards

Exam 3 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

study of cell tissues

A

histology

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2
Q

x-ray technique that produces an image of the brain in cross section

A

computerized tomography (CT) scan

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3
Q

technique that passes a magnetic wave through the brain then measures the responses of hydrogen atoms

A

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

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4
Q

MRI method that detects the movement of water molecules in the brain, producing an image of myelinated axons

A

diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

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5
Q

technique used to detect chemicals in extracellular fluid

A

microdialysis

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6
Q

technique that inserts wire electrodes into the brain to detect electrical signals of individual groups of neurons

A

recording electrodes

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7
Q

technique where waves of activity in the neocortex are detached from electrodes placed on the scalp

A

electroencephalograms (EEGs)

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8
Q

technique that uses radioactive tracers to detect changes in the use of oxygen or glucose in different parts of the brain, highlighting what areas are being used and how much they are being used

A

position emission tomography (PET) scan

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9
Q

MRI technique used to detect changes in cerebral blood flow while the subject is processing information

A

functional MRI (fMRI)

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10
Q

technique used to image brain activity using infrared light

A

optical imaging

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11
Q

brain areas are artificially activated by passing electric current through wire electrodes inserted in the brain

A

stimulating electrodes

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12
Q

electrodes planted deep in the brain that can be activated, sometimes used to treat depression

A

deep brain stimulation (DBS)

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13
Q

brain areas are artificially activated by passing pulses of magnetic current across the scalp

A

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

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14
Q

specific types of brain cells in specific brain areas are destroyed using toxins

A

neurotoxin

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15
Q

genes for light sensitive ion channels are inserted into particular brain regions, making it so different types of light turn on or turn off brain regions

A

optogenetics

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16
Q

detecting stimulus energy outside the CNS and converting it into a signal that the CNS can use

A

sensation

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17
Q

cells in our sense organs that are specialized to transduce particular types of environmental energy into neural energy

A

sensory receptors

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18
Q

process by which, over time, sensory receptors react less and les to the same continuous stimulus

A

sensory adaptation

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19
Q

the meaning the brain/mind assigns to the directed stimulu

A

perception

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20
Q

sensory information is processed in a stepwise fashion from one location in the nervous system to the next

A

hierarchical processing

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21
Q

order of hierarchical processing

A

Sensory receptors → primary cortex → secondary cortex → association cortex

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22
Q

failure to recognize stimuli

A

agnosia

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23
Q

failure to recognize visual stimuli

A

visual agnosia

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24
Q

idea that different forms of information get processed along separate routes but at the same time

A

parallel processing

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25
Q

waves of electromagnetic radiation

A

light

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26
Q

light spectrum visible to humans

A

400 to 700 nm

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27
Q

section at the front of the eye where light first enters

A

cornea

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28
Q

opening at the center of the eye that allows light to enter, with its size being regulated by the irises

A

pupil

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29
Q

muscle in the eye that controls the opening and closing of the pupil

A

iris

30
Q

section of the eye that bends light on the center of the retina

A

lens

31
Q

sharpness or focus of vision

A

acuity

32
Q

layer of photoreceptors and glial cells in the eye

A

retina

33
Q

conversion of light energy to neural signals by photoreceptors

A

visual phototransduction

34
Q

retina is considered _____________ because light must pass through several layers of cells before reaching photoreceptors

A

inside out

35
Q

cells that form the optic nerve

A

ganglion cells

36
Q

center of the retina where the lens focuses incoming light

A

fovea

37
Q

part of the retina where the optic nerve exits the eye and therefore does not have any photoreceptors

A

blind spot

38
Q

qualities of rods

A

high sensitivity, low acuity, do not process color, are in the periphery of the eye, process motion vision, used during scotopic (nighttime) vision

39
Q

qualities of cones

A

low sensitivity, high acuity, process color, are concentrated in the fovea, are used during photopic (daytime) vision

40
Q

as sensitivity ________, acuity _________

A

increases, decreases

41
Q

allows for large field of view to detect vision

A

peripheral vision

42
Q

allows for most acuity and detail detection

A

foveal vision

43
Q

membrane proteins in rods and cones that absorb light and cause a voltage change (and NT release) in the cells

A

pigments

44
Q

colors of pigments

A

red, green, and blue

45
Q

the brain assigns color based on the relative activation of the three types of cones

A

Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory

46
Q

photoreceptors are linked together to form three opposing color pairs, and activation of one member of the pair inhibits it

A

opponent-process theory

47
Q

photoreceptor color pairs

A

blue/yellow, red/green, black/white

48
Q

deficit in one or more of the cones’ receptors

A

color blindness

49
Q

system consisting of the optic nerve, chiasm, and tract that routes visual information to the rest of the brain

A

retinofugal projection

50
Q

path from the retina to the superior colliculus, orients eyes to new and moving stimuli

A

retinotectal pathway

51
Q

path from the retina to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus

A

retinohypothalamic pathway

52
Q

the brain’s internal clock, if it detects light the clock becomes reset

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

53
Q

path from the retina to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus, providing conscious vision

A

retinogeniculocortical pathway

54
Q

the ability to detect visual stimuli presented in an otherwise blind area of the visual field

A

blindsight

55
Q

area of blindness in the visual field, caused as a result of brain damage to the occipital lobe

A

scotoma

56
Q

part of the occipital lobe that receives visual information directly from the LGN of the thalamus

A

primary visual cortex (V1)

57
Q

type of stimulation on the retina that causes a response in the neuron being studied

A

receptive fields

58
Q

cells in V1 that respond to lines of light or darkness presented in a particular orientation

A

simple cells

59
Q

cells in V1 that respond to motion

A

complex cells

60
Q

cells in V1 that respond to lines of particular orientation, moving in particular directions

A

hyper complex cells

61
Q

area in the secondary visual cortex that processes color information

A

area V4

62
Q

color blindness as a result of damage to area V4

A

cortical color blindness

63
Q

perception of color and brightness is determined by our interpretation of the proportion of the stimulus whole experience, allowing for objects to be recognized under different lighting conditions

A

color constancy

64
Q

retina provides information about stimulus hitting each photoreceptor, and the cortex computes the relative activation of all the photoreceptors during the visual experience

A

retinex theory of color vision

65
Q

areas of the neocortex that integrate information from other neocortical areas, used for highest order processing

A

association areas

66
Q

primary visual cortex to inferior temporal cortex, often called the “what” pathway, as it recognizes objects consciously

A

ventral stream

67
Q

area used to recognize objects consciously

A

inferior temporal cortex

68
Q

inability to recognize objects even though they can be seen

A

visual agnosia

69
Q

inability to recognize faces

A

prosopagnosia

70
Q

primary visual cortex to the posterior parietal lobe, often called the “where and how” pathway, as it processes location and motion of an object relative to the observer

A

dorsal stream

71
Q

area that processes location and motion of an object

A

posterior parietal lobe

72
Q

inability to interact with an object despite ability to recognize it, caused by damage to the dorsal stream

A

optic ataxia

Biopsych (4 decks)

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