Exam 3 Vocab

Question 1

study of cell tissues

Answer 1

histology

Question 2

x-ray technique that produces an image of the brain in cross section

Answer 2

computerized tomography (CT) scan

Question 3

technique that passes a magnetic wave through the brain then measures the responses of hydrogen atoms

Answer 3

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Question 4

MRI method that detects the movement of water molecules in the brain, producing an image of myelinated axons

Answer 4

diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

Question 5

technique used to detect chemicals in extracellular fluid

Answer 5

microdialysis

Question 6

technique that inserts wire electrodes into the brain to detect electrical signals of individual groups of neurons

Answer 6

recording electrodes

Question 7

technique where waves of activity in the neocortex are detached from electrodes placed on the scalp

Answer 7

electroencephalograms (EEGs)

Question 8

technique that uses radioactive tracers to detect changes in the use of oxygen or glucose in different parts of the brain, highlighting what areas are being used and how much they are being used

Answer 8

position emission tomography (PET) scan

Question 9

MRI technique used to detect changes in cerebral blood flow while the subject is processing information

Answer 9

functional MRI (fMRI)

Question 10

technique used to image brain activity using infrared light

Answer 10

optical imaging

Question 11

brain areas are artificially activated by passing electric current through wire electrodes inserted in the brain

Answer 11

stimulating electrodes

Question 12

electrodes planted deep in the brain that can be activated, sometimes used to treat depression

Answer 12

deep brain stimulation (DBS)

Question 13

brain areas are artificially activated by passing pulses of magnetic current across the scalp

Answer 13

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Question 14

specific types of brain cells in specific brain areas are destroyed using toxins

Answer 14

neurotoxin

Question 15

genes for light sensitive ion channels are inserted into particular brain regions, making it so different types of light turn on or turn off brain regions

Answer 15

optogenetics

Question 16

detecting stimulus energy outside the CNS and converting it into a signal that the CNS can use

Answer 16

sensation

Question 17

cells in our sense organs that are specialized to transduce particular types of environmental energy into neural energy

Answer 17

sensory receptors

Question 18

process by which, over time, sensory receptors react less and les to the same continuous stimulus

Answer 18

sensory adaptation

Question 19

the meaning the brain/mind assigns to the directed stimulu

Answer 19

perception

Question 20

sensory information is processed in a stepwise fashion from one location in the nervous system to the next

Answer 20

hierarchical processing

Question 21

order of hierarchical processing

Answer 21

Sensory receptors → primary cortex → secondary cortex → association cortex

Question 22

failure to recognize stimuli

Answer 22

agnosia

Question 23

failure to recognize visual stimuli

Answer 23

visual agnosia

Question 24

idea that different forms of information get processed along separate routes but at the same time

Answer 24

parallel processing

Question 25

waves of electromagnetic radiation

Answer 25

light

Question 26

light spectrum visible to humans

Answer 26

400 to 700 nm

Question 27

section at the front of the eye where light first enters

Answer 27

cornea

Question 28

opening at the center of the eye that allows light to enter, with its size being regulated by the irises

Answer 28

pupil

Question 29

muscle in the eye that controls the opening and closing of the pupil

Answer 29

iris

Question 30

section of the eye that bends light on the center of the retina

Answer 30

lens

Question 31

sharpness or focus of vision

Answer 31

acuity

Question 32

layer of photoreceptors and glial cells in the eye

Answer 32

retina

Question 33

conversion of light energy to neural signals by photoreceptors

Answer 33

visual phototransduction

Question 34

retina is considered _____________ because light must pass through several layers of cells before reaching photoreceptors

Answer 34

inside out

Question 35

cells that form the optic nerve

Answer 35

ganglion cells

Question 36

center of the retina where the lens focuses incoming light

Answer 36

fovea

Question 37

part of the retina where the optic nerve exits the eye and therefore does not have any photoreceptors

Answer 37

blind spot

Question 38

qualities of rods

Answer 38

high sensitivity, low acuity, do not process color, are in the periphery of the eye, process motion vision, used during scotopic (nighttime) vision

Question 39

qualities of cones

Answer 39

low sensitivity, high acuity, process color, are concentrated in the fovea, are used during photopic (daytime) vision

Question 40

as sensitivity ________, acuity _________

Answer 40

increases, decreases

Question 41

allows for large field of view to detect vision

Answer 41

peripheral vision

Question 42

allows for most acuity and detail detection

Answer 42

foveal vision

Question 43

membrane proteins in rods and cones that absorb light and cause a voltage change (and NT release) in the cells

Answer 43

pigments

Question 44

colors of pigments

Answer 44

red, green, and blue

Question 45

the brain assigns color based on the relative activation of the three types of cones

Answer 45

Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory

Question 46

photoreceptors are linked together to form three opposing color pairs, and activation of one member of the pair inhibits it

Answer 46

opponent-process theory

Question 47

photoreceptor color pairs

Answer 47

blue/yellow, red/green, black/white

Question 48

deficit in one or more of the cones' receptors

Answer 48

color blindness

Question 49

system consisting of the optic nerve, chiasm, and tract that routes visual information to the rest of the brain

Answer 49

retinofugal projection

Question 50

path from the retina to the superior colliculus, orients eyes to new and moving stimuli

Answer 50

retinotectal pathway

Question 51

path from the retina to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus

Answer 51

retinohypothalamic pathway

Question 52

the brain's internal clock, if it detects light the clock becomes reset

Answer 52

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Question 53

path from the retina to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus, providing conscious vision

Answer 53

retinogeniculocortical pathway

Question 54

the ability to detect visual stimuli presented in an otherwise blind area of the visual field

Answer 54

blindsight

Question 55

area of blindness in the visual field, caused as a result of brain damage to the occipital lobe

Answer 55

scotoma

Question 56

part of the occipital lobe that receives visual information directly from the LGN of the thalamus

Answer 56

primary visual cortex (V1)

Question 57

type of stimulation on the retina that causes a response in the neuron being studied

Answer 57

receptive fields

Question 58

cells in V1 that respond to lines of light or darkness presented in a particular orientation

Answer 58

simple cells

Question 59

cells in V1 that respond to motion

Answer 59

complex cells

Question 60

cells in V1 that respond to lines of particular orientation, moving in particular directions

Answer 60

hyper complex cells

Question 61

area in the secondary visual cortex that processes color information

Answer 61

area V4

Question 62

color blindness as a result of damage to area V4

Answer 62

cortical color blindness

Question 63

perception of color and brightness is determined by our interpretation of the proportion of the stimulus whole experience, allowing for objects to be recognized under different lighting conditions

Answer 63

color constancy

Question 64

retina provides information about stimulus hitting each photoreceptor, and the cortex computes the relative activation of all the photoreceptors during the visual experience

Answer 64

retinex theory of color vision

Question 65

areas of the neocortex that integrate information from other neocortical areas, used for highest order processing

Answer 65

association areas

Question 66

primary visual cortex to inferior temporal cortex, often called the "what" pathway, as it recognizes objects consciously

Answer 66

ventral stream

Question 67

area used to recognize objects consciously

Answer 67

inferior temporal cortex

Question 68

inability to recognize objects even though they can be seen

Answer 68

visual agnosia

Question 69

inability to recognize faces

Answer 69

prosopagnosia

Question 70

primary visual cortex to the posterior parietal lobe, often called the "where and how" pathway, as it processes location and motion of an object relative to the observer

Answer 70

dorsal stream

Question 71

area that processes location and motion of an object

Answer 71

posterior parietal lobe

Question 72

inability to interact with an object despite ability to recognize it, caused by damage to the dorsal stream

Answer 72

optic ataxia