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Biopsych > Exam 2 Vocab > Flashcards

Exam 2 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

General function of NS

A

Detection, integration, updates, and outputs of information

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2
Q

Inorganic machines controlled by electrical signals of organic brains, such as neural prosthetics

A

Brain machine interfaces

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3
Q

Brain and the Spinal cord

A

Central nervous system

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4
Q

System of nerves that communicate with CNS

A

Peripheral nervous system

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5
Q

Nerves are classified by

A

Location of CNS connection, direction of signal, function (somatic vs autonomic)

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6
Q

Arouses body for fight or flight response

A

Sympathetic nervous system

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7
Q

Calms body for rest and restoration

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

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8
Q

Parts of the neuron

A

soma, dendrites, axon, axon hillock, mylein, and terminal buttons

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9
Q

Myleinated axons in the brain

A

white matter

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10
Q

Dendrites and cell bodies in the brain

A

gray matter

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11
Q

neurons that only receive and send information to other neurons

A

interneurons

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12
Q

oligodendrocytes in the CNS and schwann cells in the PNS, astrocytes, microglia

A

glial mylein producers

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13
Q

Baseline voltage of the neuron

A

-70mV

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14
Q

the threshold of the neuron

A

-55mV

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15
Q

thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules

A

phospholipid bilayer

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16
Q

charged particles, either positive or negative, including Na+, K+, and Cl-

A

ions

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17
Q

Opening in a protein embedded in the cell membrane that allows the passage of ions

A

ion channel

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18
Q

Forces that move ions

A

electrostatic and concentration gradient

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19
Q

net movement of ions is from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration, with the force depending on the concentration difference

A

diffusion

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20
Q

protein embedded in the membrane that pushes Na+ outside the cell and pulls K+ inside the cell

A

Na/K pump

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21
Q

Net forces of K+ and Na+

A

K+ wants to move slightly outward, Na+ wants to move inward

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22
Q

Inputs received on dendrites and the cell body that make small changes to the resting voltage of the neuron, with signals being excitatory or inhibitory

A

post-synaptic potentials

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23
Q

inputs that cause a Na+ influx, making the charge closer to -55mV

A

excitatory PSPs

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24
Q

inputs that cause a K+ efflux or Cl- influx, making the charge further from -55mV

A

inhibitory PSPs

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25
Q

Properties of PSPs

A

graded, fast, decremental

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26
Q

the combination of multiple PSP effects

A

summation

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27
Q

several impulses from one neuron over time, added up

A

temporal summation

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28
Q

impulses from several neurons at the same time, added up

A

spatial summation

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29
Q

brief but large reversal in the axon membrane potential

A

action potential

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30
Q

area where IPSPs and EPSPs are added up

A

axon hillock

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31
Q

Three states of voltage gated channels

A

closed but active, open, and closed and inactive

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32
Q

action potential phases

A

rising (hyperpolarization), falling (repolarization), and hyperpolarization (undershoot)

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33
Q

during the hyperpolarization phase, only a stronger than normal stimulus will produce another action potential, as the voltage is more negative than normal

A

relative refractory period

34
Q

during the repolarization phase, Na+ channels are closed and inactive, so another action potential cannot be sent

A

absolute refractory period

35
Q

Properties of action potentials

A

non graded, all or nothing, non decremental, unidirectional, and slower than PSPs

36
Q

exposed regions of the axon

A

nodes of ranvier

37
Q

action potential “jumps” from node to node

A

saltatory conduction

38
Q

structure composed of the axon terminal, dendritic spine, and synaptic cleft

A

synapse

39
Q

neurotransmitter gets dumped into the synapse

A

exocytosis

40
Q

leftovers are removed by:

A

enzymatic destruction, reuptake, and repackaging

41
Q

special proteins embedded in the membrane move excess NT back into the presynaptic neuron

A

reuptake

42
Q

NT is either degraded or restored in empty vesicles that have been reincorporated into the cell

A

endocytosis

43
Q

NT used for muscle control and attention, as well as learning

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

44
Q

NT used to control pleasure

A

Dopamine

45
Q

NTs used to control fear and anger, the “fight or flight” response

A

epinephrine and nonepinephrine

46
Q

NT used to control and stabilize moon

A

serotonin

47
Q

main excitatory NT, also controls memory

A

glutamate

48
Q

main inhibitory NT, also is calming

A

GABA

49
Q

NT used to control euphoric feelings, the body’s natural painkiller

A

endorphin

50
Q

drug that amplifies the effect of a neurotransmitter

A

agonist

51
Q

drug that diminishes the effect of a neurotransmitter

A

antagonist

52
Q

Directional terms

A

rostral, caudal, dorsal, ventral OR anterior, posterior, superior, and inferior, and medial and lateral

53
Q

planes of the brain

A

coronal, horizontal, sagittal

54
Q

continuation of spinal cord that controls bodily function

A

medulla

55
Q

region that controls sensorimotor functions, coordination, balance

A

cerebellum

56
Q

region that relays signals, controls sleep and dreams

A

pons

57
Q

structures of the midbrain

A

superior colliculi, inferior colliculi, and substantia nigra

58
Q

region that is a sensory relay station

A

thalamus

59
Q

region that regulates motivation and controls the pituitary gland

A

hypothalamus

60
Q

system that regulates emotion and memory

A

limbic system

61
Q

fear and emotion center

A

amygdala

62
Q

region that controls memory

A

hippocampus

63
Q

region that controls higher oder emotional thinking

A

cingulate gyrus

64
Q

region that controls initiation of movement and habit formation

A

basal ganglia

65
Q

folds in the brain that minimize brain surface area while maximizing brain volume

A

convolutions

66
Q

gap that divides the brain into lobes

A

fissue

67
Q

main fissures

A

longitudinal, lateral, and central

68
Q

specific fold in the surface of the cerebrum

A

gyrus

69
Q

primary motor cortex

A

precentral gyrus

70
Q

primary somatosensory cortex

A

postcentral gyrus

71
Q

primary auditory cortex

A

superior temporal gyrus

72
Q

part of the limbic system that communicates with the amygdala and hippocampus

A

cingulate gyrus

73
Q

connections in the two hemispheres of the brain

A

commissures

74
Q

connects neocortex

A

corpus callosum

75
Q

connects subcortex

A

anterior and posterior commissures

76
Q

tightly packed cells of blood vessel walls that prevent entry of molecules, such as charged particles and charged molecules

A

blood brain barrier

77
Q

master gland controlled by the hypothalamus

A

pituitary gland

78
Q

special types of steroids released by the gonads that affect the brain, genitals, and other reasons

A

sex hormones

79
Q

sex hormone effects that occur at any time of life and temporarily activate a particular response

A

activating effects

80
Q

sex hormone effects that occur in early stages of life and have long lasting effects

A

organizing effects

Biopsych (4 decks)

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