Exam 2 Vocab Flashcards by reed collier

General function of NS

Detection, integration, updates, and outputs of information

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Inorganic machines controlled by electrical signals of organic brains, such as neural prosthetics

Brain machine interfaces

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Brain and the Spinal cord

Central nervous system

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System of nerves that communicate with CNS

Peripheral nervous system

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Nerves are classified by

Location of CNS connection, direction of signal, function (somatic vs autonomic)

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Arouses body for fight or flight response

Sympathetic nervous system

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Calms body for rest and restoration

Parasympathetic nervous system

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Parts of the neuron

soma, dendrites, axon, axon hillock, mylein, and terminal buttons

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Myleinated axons in the brain

white matter

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Dendrites and cell bodies in the brain

gray matter

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neurons that only receive and send information to other neurons

interneurons

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oligodendrocytes in the CNS and schwann cells in the PNS, astrocytes, microglia

glial mylein producers

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Baseline voltage of the neuron

-70mV

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the threshold of the neuron

-55mV

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thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules

phospholipid bilayer

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charged particles, either positive or negative, including Na+, K+, and Cl-

ions

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Opening in a protein embedded in the cell membrane that allows the passage of ions

ion channel

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Forces that move ions

electrostatic and concentration gradient

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net movement of ions is from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration, with the force depending on the concentration difference

diffusion

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protein embedded in the membrane that pushes Na+ outside the cell and pulls K+ inside the cell

Na/K pump

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Net forces of K+ and Na+

K+ wants to move slightly outward, Na+ wants to move inward

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Inputs received on dendrites and the cell body that make small changes to the resting voltage of the neuron, with signals being excitatory or inhibitory

post-synaptic potentials

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inputs that cause a Na+ influx, making the charge closer to -55mV

excitatory PSPs

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inputs that cause a K+ efflux or Cl- influx, making the charge further from -55mV

inhibitory PSPs

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Properties of PSPs

graded, fast, decremental

the combination of multiple PSP effects

summation

several impulses from one neuron over time, added up

temporal summation

impulses from several neurons at the same time, added up

spatial summation

brief but large reversal in the axon membrane potential

action potential

area where IPSPs and EPSPs are added up

axon hillock

Three states of voltage gated channels

closed but active, open, and closed and inactive

action potential phases

rising (hyperpolarization), falling (repolarization), and hyperpolarization (undershoot)

during the hyperpolarization phase, only a stronger than normal stimulus will produce another action potential, as the voltage is more negative than normal

relative refractory period

during the repolarization phase, Na+ channels are closed and inactive, so another action potential cannot be sent

absolute refractory period

Properties of action potentials

non graded, all or nothing, non decremental, unidirectional, and slower than PSPs

exposed regions of the axon

nodes of ranvier

action potential "jumps" from node to node

saltatory conduction

structure composed of the axon terminal, dendritic spine, and synaptic cleft

synapse

neurotransmitter gets dumped into the synapse

exocytosis

leftovers are removed by:

enzymatic destruction, reuptake, and repackaging

special proteins embedded in the membrane move excess NT back into the presynaptic neuron

reuptake

NT is either degraded or restored in empty vesicles that have been reincorporated into the cell

endocytosis

NT used for muscle control and attention, as well as learning

Acetylcholine (ACh)

NT used to control pleasure

Dopamine

NTs used to control fear and anger, the "fight or flight" response

epinephrine and nonepinephrine

NT used to control and stabilize moon

serotonin

main excitatory NT, also controls memory

glutamate

main inhibitory NT, also is calming

GABA

NT used to control euphoric feelings, the body's natural painkiller

endorphin

drug that amplifies the effect of a neurotransmitter

agonist

drug that diminishes the effect of a neurotransmitter

antagonist

Directional terms

rostral, caudal, dorsal, ventral OR anterior, posterior, superior, and inferior, and medial and lateral

planes of the brain

coronal, horizontal, sagittal

continuation of spinal cord that controls bodily function

medulla

region that controls sensorimotor functions, coordination, balance

cerebellum

region that relays signals, controls sleep and dreams

pons

structures of the midbrain

superior colliculi, inferior colliculi, and substantia nigra

region that is a sensory relay station

thalamus

region that regulates motivation and controls the pituitary gland

hypothalamus

system that regulates emotion and memory

limbic system

fear and emotion center

amygdala

region that controls memory

hippocampus

region that controls higher oder emotional thinking

cingulate gyrus

region that controls initiation of movement and habit formation

basal ganglia

folds in the brain that minimize brain surface area while maximizing brain volume

convolutions

gap that divides the brain into lobes

fissue

main fissures

longitudinal, lateral, and central

specific fold in the surface of the cerebrum

gyrus

primary motor cortex

precentral gyrus

primary somatosensory cortex

postcentral gyrus

primary auditory cortex

superior temporal gyrus

part of the limbic system that communicates with the amygdala and hippocampus

cingulate gyrus

connections in the two hemispheres of the brain

commissures

connects neocortex

corpus callosum

connects subcortex

anterior and posterior commissures

tightly packed cells of blood vessel walls that prevent entry of molecules, such as charged particles and charged molecules

blood brain barrier

master gland controlled by the hypothalamus

pituitary gland

special types of steroids released by the gonads that affect the brain, genitals, and other reasons

sex hormones

sex hormone effects that occur at any time of life and temporarily activate a particular response

activating effects

sex hormone effects that occur in early stages of life and have long lasting effects

organizing effects