exam 4 vocab (14, 16,17)

Question 1

the law of Pragnanz

Answer 1

asserts that all cognitive experiences will tend to be as organized, symmetrical, simple, and regular as they can be, given the pattern of brain activity at any given moment.

Question 2

psychophysical isomorphism

Answer 2

how does the physical world get translated to thought; raw sensory data comes in and is shaped and transformed by fields of activity in our brain

Question 3

continuity

Answer 3

patterns appear to continue

Question 4

proximity

Answer 4

things come together in physical space

Question 5

similarity

Answer 5

things that are like each other

Question 6

closure

Answer 6

to fill in something

Question 7

constancy

Answer 7

The contention that there is a strict one-to-one correspondence between physical stimuli and sensations, in the sense that the same stimulation will always result in the same sensation regardless of circumstances.
size - things that are farther away are usually bigger than we perceive them
color - our brain color corrects the things we see (ex. the dress)

Question 8

insightful learning

Answer 8

learning that involves suddenly perceiving the solution to a problem after a period of cognitive trial and error. more meaningful than memorization.

Question 9

Transference

Answer 9

patients will feel strongly about their therapist

Question 10

Countertransference

Answer 10

therapists can become attached to their patients

Question 11

Conservation of energy

Answer 11

mental energy/cognitive load cannot be created or destroyed. only so much of it can exist at a time and distributed in different ways.

Question 12

objective anxiety

Answer 12

arises when there is an objective threat to a persons well being

Question 13

neurotic anxiety

Answer 13

arises when the ego feels that is going to be overwhelmed by the id; when the needs of the id become so powerful that the ego feels it will be unable to control it

Question 14

moral anxiety

Answer 14

arises when one is about to violate an internalized value; shame or guilt

Question 15

rationalization

Answer 15

involves giving a rational and logical, but false, reason for a failure or shortcoming rather than the true reason for it.

Question 16

sublimation

Answer 16

what Freud considered to be the basis of civilization; the process for when displacement involves substituting a nonsexual goal for a sexual one

Question 17

projection

Answer 17

attributing an anxiety provoking thought to someone or something other than one’s self

Question 18

reaction formation

Answer 18

acting strongly the opposite way than you actually feel (ex. telling a crush they’re stupid)

Question 19

pleasure principle

Answer 19

immediate gratification/hedonism; related to the id

Question 20

reality principle

Answer 20

delayed gratification; the marshmallow test

Question 21

altruistic surrender

Answer 21

An ego defense mechanism, postulated by Anna Freud, whereby a person avoids personal anxiety by vicariously living the life of another person.

Question 22

libido

Answer 22

life instinct (self preservation and sexual instincts)

Question 23

id

Answer 23

pleasure principle, something we’re born with, unconscious, our animal instincts, immediate gratification

Question 24

ego

Answer 24

reality principle, develops 2-3 years of age, delayed gratification, the self, learned, the rules of society

Question 25

superego

Answer 25

ego ideal and conscience, develops around 5 years, morals, learned, internalize society rules

Question 26

ego-ideal

Answer 26

part of the superego that rewards

Question 27

conscience

Answer 27

part of the superego that punishes

Question 28

collective unconscious

Answer 28

we have shared unconscious knowledge

Question 29

Persona

Answer 29

our public mask we wear when we are around others

Question 30

animus and anima

Answer 30

masculine/feminine traits that we all have

Question 31

the shadow

Answer 31

the id, our darker thoughts and feelings

Question 32

the self

Answer 32

the central archetype of our mind, holds other parts of the self together

Question 33

compensation

Answer 33

According to Adler, the making up for a weakness by developing strengths in other areas

Question 34

overcompensation

Answer 34

According to Adler, the conversion of a weakness into a strength.

Question 35

feelings of inferiority

Answer 35

According to Adler, those feelings that all humans try to escape by becoming powerful or superior.

Question 36

inferiority complex

Answer 36

According to Adler, the condition one experiences when overwhelmed by feelings of inferiority instead of being motivated toward success by those feelings.

Question 37

basic hostility/anxiety

Answer 37

basic hostility: the feeling of anger that a child experiences when he or she experiences the basic evil. basic anxiety: when basic hostility is repressed, the “all-pervading feeling of being lonely and helpless in a hostile world.”

Question 38

neurotic trends

Answer 38

Horney proposed three specific neurotic trends, which are rooted in how an individual interacts with and perceives other people. the compliant type: moves towards people the aggressive type: moves against people the detached type: moves away from people

Question 39

Dasein

Answer 39

"to be there/here"; to be present in the moment, allows us to live a more real life; person and world cannot be separated

Question 40

authentic vs inauthentic life

Answer 40

authentic - the type of life that is freely chosen and not dictated by the values of others. inauthentic - a life lived in accordance with values other than those freely and personally chosen. Such a life is characterized by guilt.

Question 41

self-concept

Answer 41

everyone has a conception of who they are; multifaceted Carl Rogers believed that self-concept was influenced by three factors: 1) Our parents' attitudes toward us (our early environment). 2) The beliefs we hold about ourselves (our internal world). 3) Our perceptions of others (the external world).

Question 42

congruence

Answer 42

matching experience and awareness, when your feelings match your actions.

Question 43

incongruence

Answer 43

essentially the same as the “inauthentic person.” no longer true to his or her own feelings, the cause of mental disorders, in Rogers’s opinion.

Question 44

self-actualization

Answer 44

according to Rogers and Maslow, the innate human tendency toward wholeness. the self- actualizing person is open to experience and embraces the higher values of human existence

Question 45

client-centered therapy

Answer 45

an approach to psychotherapy based on a belief that the client is best able to decide what to explore and how. It is unique in a field where the therapist characteristically acts like an expert who knows how to resolve the client's problems.