Exam 4 Study Guide

Question 1

What are the 4 processes that make up respiration?

Answer 1

-Pulmonary respiration
-Pulmonary gas exchange
-Gas transport
-Tissue exchange

Question 2

What is pulmonary respiration?

Answer 2

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are moved between the air and the alveoli in the lungs

Question 3

What is pulmonary gas exchange?

Answer 3

Oxygen enters and carbon dioxide exits the blood via the alveoli

Question 4

What is gas transport?

Answer 4

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported by the blood.

Question 5

What is tissue exchange

Answer 5

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the blood and tissue cells

Question 6

Describe the conducting zone?

Answer 6

The conducting zone is the portion of the respiratory tract that conducts air towards and away from alveoli, it includes structures from the nose and nasal cavity through the bronchioles.

This is where air gets filtered, warm, and moistened.

Question 7

What is the respiratory zone?

Answer 7

The respiratory zone is the portion of the respiratory tract that contains alveoli and so participates in gas exchange, and it includes structures that contain alveoli.

Question 8

What are the nares?

Answer 8

openings in the nose (nostrils), anterior and posterior.

Question 9

What is the nasal cavity?

Answer 9

two-sided cavity within the anterior skull that houses sensory receptors for olfaction and serves as the first portion of the respiratory tract.

Question 10

What is the conchae?

Answer 10

ridges of bone projecting from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity consisting of three sets (superior, middle, and inferior conchae) that curl around the nasal meatuses. This arrangement causes the flow through the meatuses to be turbulent.

Question 11

Where are the paranasal sinuses located?

Answer 11

frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary bones (and are names respectively).

Question 12

What is the function of the paranasal sinuses?

Answer 12

They warm, humidify, and filter the air; lighten the skull, and enhance voice resonance.

Question 13

What is the flow of air from the nose to the alveoli?

Answer 13

nares → nasal cavity → nasopharynx → oropharynx → laryngopharynx → larynx → trachea → primary bronchi → secondary bronchi → tertiary bronchi → multiple branches of bronchi → bronchioles → terminal bronchioles → respiratory bronchioles → alveolar ducts → alveoli.

Question 14

What are the three parts of the pharynx?

Answer 14

nasopharynx, the oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.

Question 15

What is the nasopharynx?

Answer 15

• lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium
  -Is posterior to the nasal cavity and serves as a passageway for air only.

Question 16

What is the oropharynx?

Answer 16

• lined with nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
• Is posterior to the oral cavity and serves as a passageway for food, liquids, and air.

Question 17

What is the laryngopharynx?

Answer 17

-Extends from the hyoid bone to the esophagus and serves as the passageway that conveys food to the stomach.
-Like the oropharynx is a passageway for food and air
- lined with nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Question 18

What is the general structure & function of the larynx?

Answer 18

• Is continuous with the trachea,
• It houses the vocal cords (involved in sound production) and keeps food and liquids out of the rest of the respiratory tract.
• Its structure is a framework of nine pieces of cartilage:
• thyroid cartilage (largest piece) is the shield like structure that forms the anterior and superior walls;
• the epiglottis is a flap of elastic cartilage that covers the larynx during swallowing to prevent food and liquid to enter the lungs;
• cricoid cartilage; and the pairs of
• arytenoid cartilage,
• corniculate cartilages,
• cuneiform cartilages

Question 19

What is the function of the trachea?

Answer 19

The trachea delivers air to the lower structures of the respiratory tract.

Question 20

What are the three layers of the trachea wall?

Answer 20

mucosa, middle submucosa, outermost adventitia

Question 21

Describe the mucosa wall.

Answer 21

The mucosa wall is continuous with the inferior larynx, the mucous lines the trachea and traps foreign debris.

Question 22

Describe the middle submucosa.

Answer 22

The middle submucosa is primary loose connective tissue, deep to which are the trachea’s cartilage rings.

Question 23

Describe the outermost adventitia.

Answer 23

The outermost adventitia is dense irregular connective tissue that anchors the trachea to the surrounding structures.

Question 24

Describe the bronchi and their branches/divisions.

Answer 24

The trachea divided into the left and right primary bronchi (enter the right and left lungs respectively)
🡪 inside the lung the primary bronchi branch into secondary bronchi
🡪 then it branches into smaller tertiary bronchi
🡪 the tertiary and subsequent bronchi will continue to branch into smaller and smaller bronchi
🡪 bronchioles
🡪 terminal bronchioles
🡪 respiratory bronchioles (alveoli building on its walls)
🡪 2 or more smaller alveolar ducts
🡪 alveolar sacs (with clusters of alveoli).

Question 25

Describe type I alveolar cells

Answer 25

Type I alveolar cells are squamous cells that make up 90% of the cells in the alveolar wall, they are thin cells that permit the rapid diffusion of gases across plasma membranes.

Question 26

Describe type II alveolar cells

Answer 26

Type II alveolar cells are small cuboidal cells that secrete surfactant which helps reduce surface tension on the alveoli.

Question 27

Which structures make up the respiratory membrane?

Answer 27

• type I alveolar cells,
• the basal lamina of the type I alveolar cells
  fused with the basal lamina of capillary
  endothelial cells
• capillary endothelial cells.

Question 28

Describe blood flow both to and through the lungs.

Answer 28

Pulmonary arteries bring deoxygenated blood from the right atrium to the lungs, and pulmonary veins return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.

But its bronchial arteries from the systemic circuit that supply the tissues of the lungs with oxygenated blood and nutrients.

Question 29

Describe the pleura surrounding the lungs

Answer 29

The pleura is a serous membrane; the outer parietal pleura is fused to the structures of the surrounding lungs, and the inner visceral pleura is continuous with the surface of the lobes of the lungs and dives into each of the lung’s fissures.

Question 30

What is the function of pleural fluid?

Answer 30

Serous fluid is found in the pleural cavity (the thin space between the parietal and visceral pleura), it lubricates the lungs as they expand and contract reducing friction.