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General Biology > Exam 4 ?'s > Flashcards

Exam 4 ?'s Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 basic types of tissue within the human body?

A

epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous

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2
Q

epithelial tissue

A

can be single layer or many layers thick

lines organs and outer surfaces, as well as the insides of hollow organs, vessels, and body cavities

functions in protection, secretion, and absorption

are continuously sloughing off and are replaced by cell division

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3
Q

connective tissue

A

loosely organized and composed of cells embedded in a matrix

usually binds organs or tissues to one another

6 different types:
loose
adipose
blood
fibrous
cartilage
bone

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4
Q

muscle tissue

A

contractile tissue that is capable of shortening

long, thing cylindrical cells called muscle fibers

3 different types:
skeletal (voluntary)
cardiac (involuntary)
smooth (involuntary)

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5
Q

skeletal muscle

A

usually attached to bone

produces all voluntary movements

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6
Q

cardiac muscle

A

only found in heart tissue

involuntary

undergoes rhythmic contractions to produce the heartbeat

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7
Q

smooth muscle

A

musculature of organs, blood vessels, and digestive tract

involuntary

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8
Q

nervous tissue

A

composed mainly of cells called neurons that conduct and transmit electrical impulses

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9
Q

What are the main functions of neurons?

A

to sense stimuli
to process stimuli
to transmit signals

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10
Q

What types of tissues can be donated?

A

bones
tendons
ligaments
cartilage
veins
skin
cornea

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11
Q

What are organs?

A

structures composed of 2 or more tissues

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12
Q

What are organ systems?

A

many organs working together to perform a common function

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13
Q

What is a function of the digestive system?
(esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small and large intestines)

A

ingests and breaks down food so that it can be absorbed by the body

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14
Q

What is a function of the excretory system?
(kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra)

A

eliminates liquid waste
regulates water balance

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15
Q

What is a function of the respiratory system?
(trachea, lung)

A

enables gas exchange, supplying blood with oxygen and removing carbon dioxide

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16
Q

What is a function of the skeletal system?
(cartilage, bone)

A

provides mechanical support for the body
stores minerals
produces red blood cells

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17
Q

What is a function of the muscular system?
(skeletal muscles)

A

enables movement, posture, and balance via contraction and extension of muscles

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18
Q

What is a function of the integumentary system?
(hair, nails, skin)

A

protects body from environment, injury, and infection
stores fat

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19
Q

What is a function of the cardiovascular system?
(blood vessels, heart)

A

enables the transport of nutrients, gases, hormones, and wastes to and from cells of the body

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20
Q

What is a function of the endocrine system?
(pituitary gland, thyroid, thymus)

A

secretes hormones into bloodstream for regulation of body activities

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21
Q

What is a function of the nervous system?
(brain, spinal cord, nerves)

A

senses environment
communicates with and activates other parts of the body

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22
Q

What is a function of the lymphatic and immune system?
(thymus, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, spleen)

A

protects against infections

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23
Q

What is a function of the reproductive (female) system?
(ovary, uterus, cervix, vagina)

A

produces eggs
supports the development of offspring

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24
Q

What is a function of the reproductive (male) system?
(prostate, testicle, penis)

A

produces and delivers sperm and associated fluids

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25
Q

What happens during inhalation?

A

the diaphragm contracts, expanding the volume of the chest cavity, decreasing the air pressure, and allowing air to rush into the lungs

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26
Q

What happens during exhalation?

A

the diaphragm relaxes, the chest cavity decreases in volume, and air flows back out of the lungs

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27
Q

What is the order of air flow in the lungs?

A

trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli

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28
Q

What are alveoli?

A

the respiratory surface where gas exchange takes place

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29
Q

What does hemoglobin do in red blood cells?

A

acquires and transports oxygen to tissues

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30
Q

How can hemoglobin cause low level oxygen deprivation?

A

hemoglobin binds carbon dioxide tighter than oxygen, so exposure to tobacco smoke can cause low level oxygen deprivation that can damage tissues, organs, and fetuses

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31
Q

What is bronchitis?

A

when airborne particulates in smoke increase mucus, damage cilia, and lead to inflammation of the bronchi and alveoli

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32
Q

What is emphysema?

A

a chronic and irreversible condition

a loss of respiratory surface due to damage to alveoli caused by chronic bronchitis; may make gas exchange less effective

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33
Q

How many lung cancer cases are in current or former smokers?

A

90%

34
Q

How does smoke impact the cardiovascular system?

A

increased rates of:
heart attack
stroke
high blood pressure

35
Q

What types of cancer can smoke cause?

A

throat cancer
bladder cancer
pancreatic cancer

36
Q

What are the components of blood?

A

plasma (liquid); made of water and dissolved proteins, salts, and gasses

cellular (solid); made of red blood cells (oxygen transport), white blood cells (immune system), and platelets (clotting)

37
Q

What is blood?

A

a type of connective tissue

38
Q

What does the right side of the heart receive?

A

receives oxygen poor blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs

39
Q

What does the left side of the heart receive?

A

receives oxygen rich blood and pumps it to the body

40
Q

What is the pulmonary circuit?

A

circulates blood into lungs and back to the heart

41
Q

What is the systemic circuit?

A

pumps blood to the rest of the body

42
Q

What are the components of the vascular system?

A

arteries: carry blood away from the heart
veins: carry blood to the heart
capillaries: small vessels that are the site of gas and nutrient exchange in body tissues

43
Q

How does blood move through veins?

A

by contraction of skeletal muscles

44
Q

How does blood move through arteries?

A

by the pressure from the pumping heart

45
Q

How does nicotine affect cholesterol?

A

negatively; leads to atherosclerosis, also known as the accumulation of fats on the interior walls of arteries

46
Q

What is the function of the digestive system?

A

to ingest, break down, and metabolize food

47
Q

What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?

A

liver: produces bile which aids the absorption of fats

gall bladder: stores bile and empties into the small intestine

pancreas: produces digestive enzymes, produces a buffer that neutralizes acidity of stomach acid

48
Q

What are the components of the alimentary canal, in order?

A

mouth
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
anus

49
Q

How much alcohol can the liver metabolize per hour?

A

approximately 1 drink per hour; the rest moves through the circulatory system

50
Q

Where is most alcohol digested?

A

most alcohol moves to the liver, only a small percent is digested in the stomach

51
Q

What are pathogens?

A

disease causing agents, includes:
bacteria
viruses
eukaryotic pathogens (protists, worms, fungi)
prions

52
Q

What are bacteria?

A

single celled prokaryotes that produce extremely fast
less than 1% are considered pathogenic

53
Q

What are viruses?

A

packets of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat

not cellular, not considered “alive,” and entirely dependent on other organisms for reproduction

some viruses attack more important cells or mutate quicker than others which makes them more harmful

54
Q

What is HIV (the AIDS virus)?

A

a virus that attacks white blood cells and destroys a person’s immune system, killing T cells

55
Q

How does COVID-19 work?

A

the virus infects cells in the upper and lower respiratory tract and intestines

56
Q

What preventions and treatments are available for viruses?

A

vaccines
anti-viral drugs (not as common as antibiotics)

however, most often your immune system will do the work

57
Q

What are vaccines?

A

weakened or dead form of pathogens injected to stimulate immunity

58
Q

What types of vaccines are there?

A

viral vaccines
bacterial vaccines

59
Q

What are examples of eukaryotic pathogens?

A

protist (ex: malaria)
worms (ex: tapeworm)
fungi (ex: athlete’s foot)

60
Q

What are prions?

A

a normally occurring brain protein that can become misfolded, causing spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease, etc)

bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is transmissible to humans if the brain or spinal cord of the cow are eaten

61
Q

What are the 3 lines of defense to infection?

A

skin and mucous membranes (non-specific)

white blood cells, inflammation, defensive proteins, and fever (non-specific)

lymphocytes (specific)

62
Q

What are B lymphocytes (B cells)?

A

fight bacterial infections, produce antibodies

recognize foreign antigens

63
Q

What are T lymphocytes (T cells)?

A

fight viral infections, cancer, transplanted tissues, fungi, and worms

recognize foreign antigens

64
Q

What are memory cells?

A

cells that “remember” the infectious agent; can be created with vaccines or naturally

65
Q

What is an autoimmune disease?

A

when B and T cells accidentally attack “self” cells, such as in multiple sclerosis and insulin-dependent diabetes

66
Q

What is an allergy?

A

immune response to non-harmful substances like pollen

67
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

a system of regulation and communication between glands, hormones, and target cells

68
Q

What are hormones?

A

chemicals secreted by endocrine glands that elicit responses from target cells

69
Q

What are the 5 endocrine glands?

A

hypothalamus: secretes gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

pituitary: secretes follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

adrenal: secretes adrenaline, testosterone, and estrogen

ovaries: secretes estrogen

testes: secretes testosterone

70
Q

What are the 5 hormones that produce sex differences?

A

estrogen
testosterone
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
luteinizing hormone (LH)
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

71
Q

What are anabolic steroids?

A

synthetic derivatives of testosterone that increase muscle mass and masculinization

possible side effects:
headaches
baldness
strokes and blood clots
high blood pressure and heart disease
reduced sperm count
liver damage
aggressive behavior
etc

72
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

vertebral column, ribs, and skull

73
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A

hip, shoulder, and limbs

74
Q

What is compact bone?

A

the hard outer shell of bones

75
Q

What is spongy bone?

A

honeycomb-like inner bone that contains red bone marrow

76
Q

What is red bone marrow?

A

the site of blood cell production

77
Q

What is yellow bone marrow?

A

fat storage

78
Q

What is the purpose of slow twitch muscle fibers?

A

endurance

78
Q

What attaches muscles to bones?

A

tendons

79
Q

What is the purpose of fast twitch muscle fibers?

A

quick or powerful movements

80
Q

What are antagonistic pairs?

A

muscles paired to work oppositely, such as biceps and triceps

81
Q

What are some skeletal differences in men and women?

A

women have:
higher body fat %
smaller hearts and lungs
smaller frontal bones
smaller temporal bones
smaller mandible
lower center of gravity
longer torsos
shorter limbs
flatter, broader pelvis
larger, rounder pelvic inlet
greater spinal curvature
shorter long bones
increased Q angle

General Biology (6 decks)

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