Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Science

A

Not just facts, but a process…the scientific method. It’s a way of knowing about the natural world.

Characteristics of science:
Creative and critical
It relies on data from observations and experiments
It excludes supernatural explanations and personal wishes
It is never complete

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2
Q

Scientific method

A

A systematic method of research consisting of putting a hypothesis to a test designed to disprove it, if it is in fact false

Steps of the scientific method roughly include:
Observations
Hypothesis (testable and falsifiable)
Testing
Conclusion (accept or reject hypothesis)
Peer review

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3
Q

Hypothesis

A

Tentative explanation for an observation that requires testing to validate

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4
Q

Testable

A

Possible to evaluate through observations of the measurable universe

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5
Q

Falsifiable

A

Able to be proved false

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6
Q

Theory

A

A scientific theory is “an explanation of a set of
related observations based on well-supported
hypothesis from several different, independent
lines of research.”

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7
Q

Prediction

A

Result expected from a particular test of a hypothesis if the hypothesis were true

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8
Q

Experiment

A

Contrived situation designed to test specific hypotheses

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9
Q

Data

A

Information collected by scientists during hypothesis testing

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10
Q

Variables

A

A factor that varies in a population or over time

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11
Q

Independent variable

A

A factor whose value influences the value of the dependent variable, but is not influenced by it. In experiments, the variable that is manipulated

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12
Q

Dependent variable

A

The variable in a study that is expected to change in response to changes in the independent variable

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13
Q

Control

A

Subject for an experiment who is similar to experimental subject except is not exposed to the experimental treatment. Used as baseline values for comparison

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14
Q

Random assignment

A

Placing individuals into experimental and control groups randomly to eliminate systematic differences between the groups

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15
Q

Placebo

A

Sham treatments in experiments

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16
Q

Double blind

A

Experimental design protocol when both research subjects and scientists performing the measurements are unaware of either the experimental hypothesis or who is in the control or experimental group

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17
Q

Bias

A

Influence of research participants’ opinions on experimental results

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18
Q

Correlation

A

Relationship between 2 variables

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19
Q

Causation

A

A change in one variable causes a change in another

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20
Q

Sample size

A

Number of individuals in both the experimental and control groups

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21
Q

Primary sources

A

Written by researchers and reviewed within the scientific community

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22
Q

Secondary sources

A

Books, news reports, etc

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23
Q

Anecdotal evidence

A

Information based on an individual’s personal experience

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24
Q

Metabolism

A

All of the physical and chemical reactions that produce and use energy

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25
Q

Homeostasis

A

The steady-state condition an organism works to maintain

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26
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Energy-rich molecule that is the major source of energy for the cell. Consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio CH2O

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27
Q

Proteins

A

Cellular constituent made of amino acids coded for by genes. Proteins can have structural, transport, or enzymatic roles

Functions: structure, speed up reactions, antibodies (immunity), hemoglobin (transport)

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28
Q

Lipids

A

Hydrophobic molecule, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids

Functions: energy storage, insulation, chemical messengers, cell membrane structure

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29
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Polymers of nucleotides that comprise DNA and RNA

Functions: blueprint for life, stores genetic information

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30
Q

Prokaryotic

A

Type of cell that does not have a nucleus or membrane-bounded organelles

31
Q

Eukaryotic

A

Cell that has a nucleus and membrane-bounded organelles

32
Q

Theory of Evolution

A

Theory that all organisms on Earth today are descendants of a single ancestor that arose in the distant past, driven. by natural selection

33
Q

Natural selection

A

Process by which individuals with certain traits have greater survival and reproduction than individuals who lack these traits, resulting in an increase in the frequency of successful alleles and a decrease in the frequency of unsuccessful ones

34
Q

Macronutrients

A

Nutrient required in large quantities

35
Q

Complex carbohydrates

A

Carbohydrate consisting of two or more monosaccharides; ideal. Examples include starch, glycogen, and cellulose (dietary fiber)

36
Q

Simple carbohydrates

A

Simple sugars such as glucose, fructose, sucrose, etc

37
Q

Essential amino acids

A

The 9 essential amino acids are not made by our bodies and therefore must be supplied through our diets

38
Q

Saturated fat

A

Type of lipid rich in single bonds. Found in butter and other fats that are solids at room temperature. This type of fat is associated with higher blood cholesterol levels

39
Q

Unsaturated fat

A

Type of lipid containing many carbon-to-carbon double bonds; liquid at room temperature

40
Q

Trans fat

A

Contains unsaturated fatty acids that have been hydrogenated, which changes the fat from a liquid to a solid at room temperature

41
Q

Micronutrients

A

Nutrient needed in small quantities

42
Q

Vitamins

A

Organic nutrient needed in small amounts. Most vitamins function as coenzymes

43
Q

Minerals

A

Inorganic nutrient essential to many cell functions

44
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Structure that encloses a cell, defining the cell’s outer boundary

45
Q

Nucleus

A

Cell structure that houses DNA; found in eukaryotes

46
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The entire contents of the cell (except the nucleus) surrounded by the plasma membrane

47
Q

Membrane transport

A

The collection of mechanisms that regulate the passage of solutes such as ions and small molecules through biological membranes, which are lipid bilayers that contain proteins embedded in them

48
Q

Enzymes

A

Protein that catalyzes and regulates the rate of metabolic reactions

49
Q

Activation energy

A

The amount of energy that reactants in a chemical reaction must absorb before the reaction can start

50
Q

Substrate

A

The substance upon which an enzyme reacts

51
Q

Active site

A

Substrate-binding region of an enzyme

52
Q

Lactose intolerance

A

Lactose intolerance occurs when your small intestine doesn’t produce enough of an enzyme (lactase) to digest milk sugar (lactose). It is the norm in many parts of the world

53
Q

Calories

A

Amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by 1°C, measure of food energy

54
Q

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

A

Resting energy use of an awake, alert person

55
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Metabolic reactions occurring in cells that result in the oxidation of macromolecules to produce ATP

Function: provides cells with the energy they need to function

56
Q

ATP

A

A nucleotide composed of adenine, the sugar ribose, and three phosphate groups that can be hydrolyzed to release energy. Form of energy that cells can use

57
Q

Fermentation

A

A process that makes a small amount of ATP from glucose without using an electron transport chain. Ethyl alcohol and lactic acid are produced by this process

58
Q

Body mass index (BMI)

A

Calculation using height and weight to determine a number that correlates to an estimate of a person’s amount of body fat with health risks

59
Q

Obesity

A

BMI of 30 or higher is considered obese

60
Q

Diabetes

A

Disorder of carbohydrate metabolism characterized by impaired ability to produce or respond to the hormone insulin

61
Q

Hypertension

A

High blood pressure

62
Q

Heart attack

A

An acute condition, during which blood flow is blocked to a portion of the heart muscle, causing part of the muscle to be damaged or die

63
Q

Stroke

A

Acute condition caused by a blood clot that blocks blood flow to an organ or other region of the body

64
Q

Climate change

A

Significant changes in global temperature, precipitation, wind patterns and other measures of climate that occur over several decades or longer

65
Q

Greenhouse effect

A

The retention of heat in the atmosphere by carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases

66
Q

Fossil fuels

A

Nonrenewable resource consisting of the buried remains of ancient plants that have been transformed by heat and pressure into coal and oil

67
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Process by which plants, along with algae and some bacteria, transform light energy to chemical energy

68
Q

Passive transport (Membrane transport)

A

The diffusion of substances across a membrane with their concentration gradient and not requiring an input of ATP

69
Q

Active transport (Membrane transport)

A

The ATP-requiring movement of substances across a membrane against their concentration gradient

70
Q

Facilitated Diffusion (Membrane transport)

A

The spontaneous passage of molecules, through membrane proteins, down their concentration gradient

71
Q

What characteristics are common to living organisms?

A

Order
Maintains homeostasis
Growth
Metabolism
Response to environment
Reproduction
Composed of organic molecules
Cellular in nature
Genetic material (DNA)

72
Q

What are the 4 types of organic molecules?

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

73
Q

What factors affect metabolic rate?

A

Gender, age, body surface, activity level, and genetics

74
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Fermentation; cells can break down sugars to generate energy in the absence of oxygen