Exam 4: Review questions at end of chapters Flashcards
Name the Organelles of the cells
Mitochondria Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus Lysosome microtubles/microfilament
Mitochondria
Responsible for energy production and for the rate at which cell uses energy (metabolism of cell)
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Series of interconnecting tubules in the cell that are responsible for the manufacture of various products to be used inside or outside of the cell
Golgi Apparatus
series of flattened saccules that produce a thin membrane to surround the material produced by the ER so it can be moved around the cell without mixing with the cytoplasm
“packages”
Lysosome
circular structure that acts as a scavenger for the cell
What is pinocytosis?
“Drinking In”
What is the difference between cell organelles and cell inclusions?
Organelles are small functioning parts that allow the cell to remain alive and carry out its particular function
Inclusions are storage products in a cell not actually used to maintain the cell under normal circumstances
What is the function of the cell membrane?
keep the cellular fluid in and unnecessary foreign materials out
Define Epithelium
group of cells that makes up the skin and lines the inside of the tubes and cavities of the body.
Most common type of epithelium
Stratified Squamous
What are desmosomes?
Ultrastructural part of a cell next to the cell wall that helps hold cells together
Where do glands come from?
Epithelium
How are glands classified?
Distributive mechanism
secretory mechanism
arrangement of components
Name embryonic germ layers. Which layer does epithelium come from?
Ectoderm, Entoderm, mesoderm
any of the three
components of irregular connective tissue
nerve and blood vessels
How do cartilage and bone differ?
Cartilage is noncalcified supporting component of the body
Bone is hard connective tissue that forms the framework of the body. the hardness is attributable to hydroxyapatite crystal
What is a haversian system?
system of blood vessels located within the bones to provide them with nourishment
what are components of endochondral bone development ?
cartilage is formed first, covered by perichondrium
As bone replaces cartilage it does in 2 sections. Epiphyses is the 2 end sections and diaphysis is center section
divisions of blood cells
erythrocytes
leukocytes
platelets
where do we find hemoglobin and what is its function?
Red blood cells
it had the ability to attach oxygen molecules to its structure and carry them from the lungs to the cells where oxygen is needed
3 types of muscle tissue
skeletal (biceps in upper arm)
cardiac (heart)
smooth(lines digestive tract)
myofibril
smaller cell components
myofiber
each of the skeletal muscle cells has hundreds nuclei
myofilament
smallest thick and thin filaments in a myofibril that are responsible for contraction
what is a sacromere?
smallest functional unit of striated muscle fiber. composed of an A band with half of an I band at either end running from Z to Z
how does skeletal muscle contract
the actin and myosin filaments within the sarcomeres of muscle fibres bind to create cross-bridges and slide past one another, creating a contraction.
parts of a neuron
cell body
axon
dendrite
afferent vs efferent
afferent: sensory msgs carried to the brain
efferent: carry messages from the brain
Myelin sheath
protective covering around axons
in what direction does a current message travel in a neuron?
one direction
What is the first sign of tooth development and when is it seen?
6th embryonic week. The stratified squamous epithelkum begins thickening
Oral epithelium is an example of what type of epithelial arrangement?
stratified squamous
the enamel organ comes from what germ layer
bud stage
what and when are the 3 stages of human development
Ovum period: fertilization-2 weeks of gestation
Embryo: 3-8 weeks
Fetus: 9-36 weeks
which weeks do the lips form?
6th week
buccopharyngeal membrane
membrane that separates the stomodem from foregut
4 1:2 weeks
which processes form soft and hard palates and when do they form?
Maxillary process forms hard palate
mandibular forms soft
epithelial rests
cells remain embedded in tissue.
these clumps will begin to multiply and form a sac of cells known as a cysts
what is a cyst and if it is located on bone what might it do?
a cyst is filled with fluid
if it grows on bone it can distort the tissues
what are unilateral and bilateral cleft palates?
a bilateral: lack of connective tissue migration between both maxillary processses and fused medial nasal process
unilateral: when only two palatial processes fuse with nasal septum
when do cleft lips and palates form?
cleft lip 8th week
cleft palate between 7th and 11 week
which muscles arise from the first pharyngeal arch?
muscles of mastication mylohyoid anterior digastric tensor tympani tesnor veli palitini
malleus and incus bones
what pharyngeal arch do the muscles of facial expressions arise from and why do we know that?
Second arch
they were innervated by 7th cranial nerve
what groups of muscles form the IV and VI arches?
muscles of larynx, pharynx, and soft palate
Rathkes pouch?
upward growth of tissue that breaks loose from the oral cavity and comes into contact with downward growth of tissue from brain. This forms the anterior part of the pituitary gland
